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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=usafresearch

A review of space robotics technologies for on-orbit servicing

LEE E. BROWN AND JOSEPH P. WEIR. ASEP Procedures Recommendation I: Accurate Assessment Of Muscular Strength And Power. JEPonline. 2001;4(3):1-21. The content of this manuscript is intended to assist the reader in collecting valid and reliable data for quantifying muscular strength and power. Various drawbacks and pitfalls of specific tests, as well as recommendations for the practitioner are also provided. The content is divided into sections covering isometric, isotonic, field tests, and isokinetic modes of exercise. Inherent in these modes are both concentric and eccentric muscle actions as well as both open and closed kinetic chain activities. For Isometric testing, contractions should occur over a four to five seconds duration with a one second transition period at the start of the contraction. At least one minute of rest should be provided between contractions. For each muscle tested at each position, at least three contractions should be performed although more may be performed if deemed necessary by the tester. For isotonic testing, the 1-RM test should be performed. After the general warm-up, the subject should perform a specific warm-up set of 8 repetitions at approximately 50% of the estimated 1-RM followed by another set of 3 repetitions at 70% of the estimated 1RM. Subsequent lifts are single repetitions of progressively heavier weights until failure. Repeat until the 1-RM is determined to the desired level of precision. The rest interval between sets should be not less than one and not more than five minutes. The optimal number of single repetitions ranges from three to five. Data and guidelines of the following field tests are also provided ; vertical jump, bench press, Wingate anaerobic cycle test (WAT), and the Margaria stair-run test. For isokinetic testing, details are provided for testing peak torque, work, power, endurance, and estimation of fiber type percentages.

/pdf/asep-procedures-recommendation-i-accurate-assessment-of-3ppwz2byh0.pdf

Asep procedures recommendation i: accurate assessment of muscular strength and power

A version of this guideline for pregnant women, their partners and the public, called Routine antenatal care for healthy pregnant women. Understanding NICE guidance: information for pregnant women, their families and the public, is also available (reproduced as Appendix 1 in this version). It can be downloaded from the NICE website (www.nice.org.uk) or ordered from the NHS Response Line (087

Antenatal care : routine care for the healthy pregnant woman

AIM OF THE GUIDELINE
The Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has an ongoing effort to create evidence-based practice guidelines for orthopaedic physical therapy management of patients with musculoskeletal impairments described in the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF).320


The purposes of these clinical guidelines are to: 


Describe evidence-based physical therapy practice including diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, and assessment of outcome for musculoskeletal disorders commonly managed by orthopaedic physical therapists


Classify and define common musculoskeletal conditions using the World Health Organization’s terminology related to impairments of body function and body structure, activity limitations, and participation restrictions


Identify interventions supported by current best evidence to address impairments of body function and structure, activity limitations, and participation restrictions associated with common musculoskeletal conditions


Identify appropriate outcome measures to assess changes resulting from physical therapy interventions in body function and structure as well as in activity and participation of the individual


Provide a description to policy makers, using internationally accepted terminology, of the practice of orthopaedic physical therapists


Provide information for payers and claims reviewers regarding the practice of orthopaedic physical therapy for common musculoskeletal conditions


Create a reference publication for orthopaedic physical therapy clinicians, academic instructors, clinical instructors, students, interns, residents, and fellows regarding the best current practice of orthopaedic physical therapy





STATEMENT OF INTENT
This guideline is not intended to be construed or to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of care are determined on the basis of all clinical data available for an individual patient and are subject to change as scientific knowledge and technology advance and patterns of care evolve. These parameters of practice should be considered guidelines only. Adherence to them will not ensure a successful outcome in every patient, nor should they be construed as including all proper methods of care or excluding other acceptable methods of care aimed at the same results. The ultimate judgment regarding a particular clinical procedure or treatment plan must be made in light of the clinical data presented by the patient, the diagnostic and treatment options available, and the patient’s values, expectations, and preferences. However, we suggest that significant departures from accepted guidelines should be documented in the patient’s medical records at the time the relevant clinical decision is made.

/pdf/low-back-pain-clinical-practice-guidelines-linked-to-the-2dritr9w3b.pdf

Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association

The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo material and mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon in the presence of tendinopathy. Real-time ultrasound imaging and dynamometry were used to assess Achilles tendon stiffness, Young's modulus, stress, strain, and cross-sectional area (CSA) in 12 individuals with Achilles tendinopathy and 12 age- and gender-matched controls. The results of this study suggest that tendinopathy weakens the mechanical and material properties of the tendon. Tendinopathic tendons had greater CSA, lower tendon stiffness, and lower Young's modulus. These alterations in mechanical characteristics may put the Achilles tendon at a higher risk to sustain further injury and prolong the time to recovery. Results from this study may be used to design treatment strategies that specifically target these deficits, leading to faster and permanent recovery from tendinopathy.

Tendinopathy alters mechanical and material properties of the Achilles tendon

Human strength curves

The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the forces and moments at the shoulder joint during free, level wheelchair propulsion and to document changes imposed by increased speed, inclined terrain, and 15 minutes of continuous propulsion. Data were collected using a six-camera VICON motion analysis system, a strain gauge instrumented wheel, and a wheelchair ergometer. Seventeen men with low level paraplegia participated in this study. Shoulder joint forces and moments were calculated using a three-dimensional model applying the inverse dynamics approach. During free propulsion, peak shoulder joint forces were in the posterior (46 N) and superior directions (14 N), producing a peak resultant force of 51 N at an angle of 185 degrees (180 degrees = posterior). Peak shoulder joint moments were greatest in extension (14 Newton-meters [Nm]), followed by abduction (10 Nm), and internal rotation (6 Nm). With fast and inclined propulsion, peak vertical force increased by greater than 360%, and the increase in posterior force and shoulder moments ranged from 107% to 167%. At the end of 15 minutes of continuous free propulsion, there were no significant changes compared with short duration free propulsion. The increased joint loads documented during fast and inclined propulsion could lead to compression of subacromial structures against the overlying acromion.

Shoulder joint kinetics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to examine the generalizability of 3 different manual therapy techniques in a patient population with low back pain that satisfy a clinical prediction rule (CPR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Recently a CPR that identifies patients with LBP who are likely to respond rapidly and dramatically to thrust manipulation has been developed and validated. The generalizability of the CPR requires further investigation. METHODS: A total of 112 patients were enrolled in the trial and provided demographic information and completed a number of self-report questionnaires including the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) at baseline, 1-week, 4-weeks, and 6-months. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the 3 manual therapy techniques for 2 consecutive treatment sessions followed by exercise regimen for an additional 3 sessions. We examined the primary aim using a linear mixed model for repeated measures, using the ODQ and NPRS as dependent variables. The hypothesis of interest was the group by time interaction, which was further explored with pair-wise comparisons of the estimated marginal means. RESULTS: There was a significant group x time interaction for the ODQ (P < 0.001) and NPRS scores (P = 0.001). Pair-wise comparisons revealed no differences between the supine thrust manipulation and side-lying thrust manipulation at any follow-up period. Significant differences in the ODQ and NPRS existed at each follow-up between the thrust manipulation and the nonthrust manipulation groups at 1-week and 4-weeks. There was also a significant difference in ODQ scores at 6-months in favor of the thrust groups. CONCLUSION: The results of the study support the generalizability of the CPR to another thrust manipulation technique, but not to the nonthrust manipulation technique that was used in this study. In general, our results also provided support that the CPR can be generalized to different settings from which it was derived and validated. However, additional research is needed to examine this issue.

Comparison of the effectiveness of three manual physical therapy techniques in a subgroup of patients with low back pain who satisfy a clinical prediction rule: a randomized clinical trial.

https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(11)00852-5/pdf

Kornelia Kulig

Papers

Tendinopathy alters mechanical and material properties of the Achilles tendon

Human strength curves

Shoulder joint kinetics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion.

Comparison of the effectiveness of three manual physical therapy techniques in a subgroup of patients with low back pain who satisfy a clinical prediction rule: a randomized clinical trial.

Multifidus Atrophy Is Localized and Bilateral in Active Persons With Chronic Unilateral Low Back Pain