Alternative vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular The batteries of these plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor The optimal charging profile of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming

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The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid

The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article, we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system. colorred{Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem.} For the smart management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

/pdf/smart-grid-the-new-and-improved-power-grid-a-survey-4jypbbgv3j.pdf

Smart Grid — The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey

Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid:

This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other factors.

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Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems

http://www.civil.ist.utl.pt/~martinez/PDF/ELECTRICMOVE/Paper22.pdf

The impact of vehicle-to-grid on the distribution grid

The consumption of electrical energy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Belgium

Alternative vehicles based on internal combustion engines (ICE), such as the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and the fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV), are becoming increasingly popular. HEVs are currently commercially available and PHEVs will be the next phase in the evolution of hybrid and electric vehicles. The batteries of the PHEVs are designed to be charged at home, from a wall socket in the garage, or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid. First, the amount of electrical energy the distribution grid has to deliver for recharging the batteries of a PHEV fleet for the period 2003-2050 for Belgium is estimated. The TREMOVE model [1] provides the vehicle-kilometres and the number of passenger vehicles. For 2030, this electrical energy is at maximum 5.1% of the generated electricity in Belgium, assuming that all HEVs are PHEVs and depending on the scenarios of the PRIMES model [2]. This gives a first indication of the potential for PHEV. Secondly, this research aims to analyze the voltage profile and power losses due to PHEV recharging in a residential network representing a selection of streets. Uncontrolled power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems.

The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on the distribution grid

The charging of batteries of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles at home at standard outlets has an impact on the distribution grid which may require serious investments in grid expansion. The coordination of the charging gives an improvement of the grid exploitation in terms of reduced power losses and voltage deviations with respect to uncoordinated charging. The vehicles must be dispatchable to achieve the most efficient solution. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed in this paper: quadratic and dynamic programming. Both techniques are compared in results and storage requirements. The charging can be coordinated directly or indirectly by the grid utility or an aggregator who will sell the aggregated demand of PHEVs at the utility. PHEVs can also discharge and so inject energy in the grid to restrict voltage drops. The amount of energy that is injected in the grid depends on the price tariffs, the charging and discharging efficiencies and the battery energy content. The impact of a voltage controller embedded in a PHEV charger is regarded in this paper. A day and night tariff are applied. The charging and discharging of vehicles can respond to real-time pricing or on a price-schedule as well. Voltage control is the first step in the utilization of distributed resources like PHEVs for ancillary services.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-impact-of-plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicles-5cks3fvj7l.pdf

Kristien Clement-Nyns

Papers

The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid

The impact of vehicle-to-grid on the distribution grid

The consumption of electrical energy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Belgium

The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on the distribution grid

Analysis of the Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Residential Distribution Grids by using Quadratic and Dynamic Programming