Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

: Selective review and synthesis of the technical literature on copper and copper salts in the environment and their effects primarily on fishes, birds, mammals, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and other natural resources. The subtopics include copper sources and uses; chemical and biochemical properties; concentrations of copper in field collections of abiotic materials and living organisms; effects of copper deficiency; lethal and sublethal effects on terrestrial plants and invertebrates, aquzatic organisms, birds, and mammals, including effects on survival, growth, reproduction, behavior, metabolism, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity; proposed criteria for the protection of human health and sensitive natural resources; and recommendations for additional research.

Copper Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates : A Synoptic Review

Summary 1. This review examines the intraspecific patterns and differences in life-history traits of amphibian populations living at different altitudes and latitudes. Specifically we examined differences in development and growth (physiological constraints) and reproductive ecology (plasticity in reproductive traits). 2. Research published to date suggests that amphibian populations at higher altitudes and latitudes tend to: (a) have shorter activity periods, and hence shorter breeding seasons; (b) have longer larval periods; (c) are larger at all larval stages including metamorphosis; (d) are larger as adults; (e) reach reproductive maturity at older ages; (f) produce fewer clutches per year; (g) produce larger clutches absolutely and smaller clutches relative to body size; and (h) produce larger eggs. 3. These generalizations must be viewed with caution, due first to the small number of papers supporting them, and secondly to the inconsistent results published to date. 4. The implications of the intraspecific geographical variation in life history traits for general amphibian biology, amphibian population declines and conservation are discussed.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00696.x

Geographic variation in life history characteristics of amphibians : a review

Wildlife trade is the very heart of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development providing an income for some of the least economically affluent people and it generates considerable revenue nationally. In Asia the unsustainable trade in wildlife has been identified as one of the main conservation challenges. Internationally, wildlife trade is regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) to which all Southeast Asian nations are signatory. I obtained data on international trade in CITES-listed animals in the period 1998–2007. In all >35 million animals (0.3 million butterflies; 16.0 million seahorses; 0.1 million other fish; 17.4 million reptiles; 0.4 million mammals; 1.0 million birds) were exported in this period, 30 million (~300 species) of them being wild-caught. In addition 18 million pieces and 2 million kg of live corals were exported. Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia and China are the major exporters of wild-caught animals and the European Union and Japan are the most significant importers. Over this period exports in birds significantly decreased, trade in the other taxa either increased or remained stable. For all taxa but butterflies the vast majority of individuals represent wild-caught individuals. Records of illegal or undeclared international trade are scant but can be significantly larger than levels of official exports. It is concluded that there is an urgent need for better assessments of what levels of exploitation are sustainable (including exploring appropriate proxies for Non Detriment Findings), for initiatives to make regulatory mechanisms more effective (including the introduction of minimum mandatory standards and monitoring selected wildlife trade hubs), and for better licensing and registration. Funding for at least some of these initiatives can be obtained by imposing small levies on exports of CITES-listed wildlife.

/pdf/an-overview-of-international-wildlife-trade-from-southeast-vzxtrt89ho.pdf

An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia

http://www.biol.ntnu.edu.tw/files/writing_journal/62/525_a30ec40c.pdf

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the grass lizards genus Takydromus (Reptilia: Lacertidae) of East Asia.

Based on customs trade statistics from 1999 to 2008, a total of 1989 metric tons of shells of hard-shelled chelonians have been imported into Taiwan for consumption in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) market, with an average of 198.9 metric tons/y. The total amount of soft-shell turtle shells imported was 290 metric tons, averaging 29.0 metric tons/y. This volume indicates that millions of turtles and tortoises have been killed annually for the TCM market in Taiwan alone. The trade of turtle shells for TCM has existed in huge volumes for a long time, with no significant decrease in the market size through Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora listing of the main target species. Although the customs trade records were not species-specific, in the market survey conducted in 1996–2002, a total of 39 species of turtles and tortoises, mainly originating from China, Southeast and South Asia, were identified. Only 3 non-Asian species were found. The larger...

https://bioone.org/journals/chelonian-conservation-and-biology/volume-8/issue-1/CCB-0747.1/Unregulated-Trade-in-Turtle-Shells-for-Chinese-Traditional-Medicine-in/10.2744/CCB-0747.1.pdf

Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan

We conducted an electrophoretic survey of 12 Taiwanese populations of Rana lim- nocharis (nine from the main island and three from adjacent islets) Analysis using resultant data and previously published data for populations of continental China and the southern Ryukyus in- dicated the presence of substantial genetic differentiation between eastern (ie, eastern main island and Lutao and Lanyu islands) and the remaining (ie, northern, western, and southern main island and Penghu Island) populations within Taiwan, with the latter being more similar to continental Asian populations The southern Ryukyu population, while being more similar to the eastern Taiwan populations, was the most divergent of all populations examined The genetic differentiation be- tween eastern and remaining Taiwanese populations is considered to reflect the primary interruption of gene flow between them by the central mountain range of the main island However, the eastern Taiwan populations lack fixed or nearly fixed alleles unique to themselves, and they share most alleles with one or both of the remaining Taiwanese and southern Ryukyu populations Genotype of the current eastern Taiwan populations may have been derived from an introgression between western Taiwan populations and former eastern Taiwan populations that were genetically closer to the southern Ryukyu populations

Genetic variation in the indian rice frog, rana limnocharis (amphibia: anura), in taiwan, as revealed by allozyme data

Estimates were made of the activity, movement patterns, habitat use, and home range size of adult yellow-margined box turtles (Cuora flavomarginata) in the Feitsui Reservoir Protected Area, northern Taiwan. Data collected from May 1996 to February 1998 by mark-recapture and radiotelemetry indicated that C. flavomarginata is exclusively terrestrial. The distribution of captures and relocations offered no evidence of aquatic habits. The activity and movement patterns varied seasonally and between sexes. From April to July, females were captured more frequently than males, suggesting that the activity of females was greater than that of males. By contrast, males were captured more frequently than females from August to October. Seasonal habitat preference also was observed for both sexes. Gravid females usually stayed near the border of evergreen forests during the nesting season of April to July (61.5%), and then moved back into the forest's interior (56.3%). Males tended to remain in the densely vegetated areas of evergreen forest throughout the year. Although the home range size varied greatly among individuals (0.07-6.39 ha), males tended to have larger home range sizes (3.53 ha) than females (0.53 ha). Activity of C. flavomarginata reduced dramatically after October. Most individuals selected areas with dense vegetation as overwintering sites, where they buried themselves under leaf litter or fallen logs, or used abandoned burrows of other animals

Activity, Movement Patterns, and Home Range of the Yellow- margined Box Turtle (Cuora flavomarginata) in Northern Taiwan

Growth of the yellow-margined box turtle (Cuora flavomarginata) was studied in northern Taiwan on the basis of recapture data and estimates using the age-carapace length relationship. The growth rate obtained using mark-recapture data from May 1996 to June 2000 was inversely correlated with the body size in both males and females. Growth trends in individuals for whom sex could be determined (i.e., large juveniles and adults) did not significantly differ between sexes. Growth rate in smaller juveniles, although highly variable compared to that of larger individuals, was collectively greater than in the latter. Mean carapace length of females was consistently greater than that of males of the same age. We used nonlinear regression to describe male and female growth trajectories, and the logistic model better fit data on C. flavomarginata than the von Bertalanffy model. Individuals younger than 11 years old occupied no more than 10.3% of the population, 28.8% of which was considered to exceed 18 years of age.

Kuang Yang Lue

Papers

Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the grass lizards genus Takydromus (Reptilia: Lacertidae) of East Asia.

Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of Taiwan

Genetic variation in the indian rice frog, rana limnocharis (amphibia: anura), in taiwan, as revealed by allozyme data

Activity, Movement Patterns, and Home Range of the Yellow- margined Box Turtle (Cuora flavomarginata) in Northern Taiwan

Growth Patterns of the Yellow-Margined Box Turtle (Cuora flavomarginata) in Northern Taiwan