In-network softwarization, Network Slicing provides scalability and flexibility through various services such as Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) to cover the network demands. For the QoS, a set of policies must be considered in real-time, accompanied by a group of functions and services to guarantee the end-user needs based on network demand. On the other hand, for the QoE, the service’s performance needs to be improved to bring an efficient service to cover the demands of the end-user. The 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) defined the slice as a component of resources used to process a set of packets. These resources need to be flexible, which means the resources can be scaled up or down based on the demand. This survey discusses softwarization and virtualization techniques, considering how to implement the slices for future networks. Specifically, we discuss current advances concerning the functionality and architecture of the 5G network. Therefore, the paper critically evaluates recent research and systems related to mobility management as a service in real-time inter/intra slice control by considering the strengths and limitations of these contributions to identify the research gaps and possible research directions for emerging research and development opportunities. Moreover, we extend our review by considering the slice types and their numbers based on the 3GPP Technical Specification (3GPP TS). The study presented in this paper identifies open issues and research directions that reveal that mobility management at a service level with inter/intra slice management techniques has strong potential in future networks and requires further investigation from the research community to exploit its benefits fully.

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A Survey of Mobility Management as a Service in Real-Time Inter/Intra Slice Control

This manuscript refers to the features of a novel finite impulse response (FIR) filter (FIRF) architectural design to denoise electrocardiogram (ECG) signals known as Vedic design-carry look-ahead (VD-CLA) adder. Few research workings dealt with signal denoising with an effective multiplier scheme. The recommended VD-CLA architecture denoises ECG signals as follows: the MATLAB IDE developed part of the VD-CLA treats the input ECG signals tainted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) that can be read from files. The VD-CLA denoising module employed a Verilog realization with the corresponding achieved outputs written in binary text files accessible to MATLAB developed code. The implemented FIRF utilized a low-power multiplier to become faster and more effective than other conventional deployments. Experimental results corroborate the improvements and show that the VD-CLA is suitable for FPGA and embedded designs.

The Vedic Design-Carry Look Ahead (VD-CLA): A Smart and Hardware-Friendly Implementation of the FIR Filter for ECG Signal Denoising

AbstractNetwork slicing has surfaced as one of the most promising technologies for enabling a variety of services in order to satisfy the demands of fifth-generation networks in new-generation networks. Although there are many surveys on network slicing, there is no comprehensive study of all aspects including slicing implementation scenarios and network slicing security. In this paper, we give an overview of network slicing based on software-defined networks and network function virtualization, and also a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental concepts of slicing architecture. On the other hand, we highlight the different scenarios for implementing the network slicing concept, after which we discuss the security concept of network slicing, threats and weaknesses in the network slice architecture, and possible solutions for this. Finally, we review the latest research findings in the field of achieving basic security objectives for network slicing. This paper paves the way for academics to work on attaining network slicing security in a variety of slicing scenarios.KeywordsNetwork slicingSoftware-defined networkingNetwork virtualizationNetwork function virtualizationSlicing scenariosSlice security 

Survey on Enabling Network Slicing Based on SDN/NFV

This study aims to transform the existing telecom operators from traditional Internet operators to digital-driven services, and improve the overall competitiveness of telecom enterprises. Data mining is applied to telecom user classification to process the existing telecom user data through data integration, cleaning, standardization, and transformation. Although the existing algorithms ensure the accuracy of the algorithm on the telecom user analysis platform under big data, they do not solve the limitations of single machine computing and cannot effectively improve the training efficiency of the model. To solve this problem, this article establishes a telecom customer churn prediction model with the help of backpropagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm, and deploys the MapReduce programming framework on Hadoop platform. Using the data of a telecom company, this article analyzes the loss of telecom customers in the big data environment. The research shows that the accuracy of telecom customer churn prediction model in BPNN is 82.12%. After deploying large data sets, the learning and training time of the model is greatly shortened. When the number of nodes is 8, the acceleration ratio of the model remains at 60 seconds. Under big data, the telecom user analysis platform not only ensures the accuracy of the algorithm, but also solves the limitations of single machine computing and effectively improves the training efficiency of the model. Compared with that of the existing research, the accuracy of the model is improved by 25.36%, and the running time is shortened by about twice. This business model based on BPNN algorithm has obvious advantages in processing more data sets, and has great reference value for the digital-driven business model transformation of the telecommunications industry.

Prediction and Big Data Impact Analysis of Telecom Churn by Backpropagation Neural Network Algorithm from the Perspective of Business Model.

An approach based on Yet Another Next Generation for software-defined networking management

Network requirements are evolving as more and more verticals have started using Internet. This will require operators to build a dynamic and virtualized network consisting of routers, switches and compute servers. This dynamic network can then offer service beyond just bandwidth services called "slices" which can be customized for each industry vertical. This paper discussed the various charecteristics of a slice, its vertical use cases, and how it can used for a specific V2X industry. This paper then discusses about the communication aspect of slice using SDN and how existing operators can leverage this technology to compete against the Over-The-Top (OTT) operators.

Network slicing and SDN: new opportunities for telecom operators

India has experiened an explosive growth in broadband customers over the last three years from 192 million [1] in September 2016 to 407 million in 2017 [2], and further to 481 million in Sept 2018 [3]. Of all the internet subscribers in India as on September 2018 [3], only 21 million are on wireline broadband whereas more than 370 million are using 4G. In summary, the primary telecom infrastructure for access is, and will be, wireless in India for the foreseeble future not only for voice applications but also for broadband, and by extension, for IoT (Internet of Things) as well. We expect the same to be true globally of many developing countries but this also true in many areas of the developed world where the infrastructure is based on copper. The ambition for wireless is to provide infrastructure better than copper where it is impossible, or economically infeasible, to lay fiber. We are in the Information Age about which Arthur C. Clarke said, ‘‘The Information Age offers much to mankind, and I would like to think that we will rise to the challenges it presents. But it is vital to remember that information—in the sense of raw data—is not knowledge, that knowledge is not wisdom, and that wisdom is not foresight. But information is the first essential step to all of these.’’ Facilitated by broadband connectivity, we have embraced the first step and are generating as much information as we can, and as quickly as possible. However, the average LTE speed in India is 6.07 Mbps as per Opensignal Report [4] and is much lower than the 44 Mbps in Singapore due to higher user density in India and but neither country is happy with it. The 4G availability in Korea is 97.49% whereas India has an availability of 86.26% with no country even approaching the 99.999% reliability which is required to handle applications such as remote surgery. The network latency in India varies from 66–80 ms [5] and while many countries are indeed better, the network latencies are still is much higher than what newer applications demand. The requirement to improve user-experienced data rate, reliability and latency for mission critical applications is triggering the development of a new wireless infrastructure to be established broadly through ‘‘5G’’ or ‘‘IMT 2020.’’ The key aspect of higher user-experienced data rate is addressed through more spectrum and greater spectral efficiency. More spectrum drives us to use millimeter-wave bands, and higher spectral efficiency drives us to adopt advanced techniques like full-duplex and massive MIMO. Full-duplex wireless technology enables users to transmit and receive at the same time, and in the same frequency band, thus effectively doubling the data rate, or spectral efficiency. The paper by Arjun Nadh, Rakshith Jagannath and Radha Krishna Ganti surveys various approaches being discussed today for full duplex. This paper reviews the fundamental problem of self-interference in a full-duplex wireless node, and suggests multiple techniques for selfinterference cancellation involving analog, digital and hybrid approaches. Increased capacity can be achieved by using multiple antennas and this approach is termed MIMO (Multiple & Jishnu Aravindakshan jishnu@tejasnetworks.com

Kumar N. Sivarajan

Papers

Network slicing and SDN: new opportunities for telecom operators

CSI Wireless Special Issue: Overview