Advances in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has provided the availability of small and low-cost sensor nodes with capability of sensing various types of physical and environmental conditions, data processing, and wireless communication. Variety of sensing capabilities results in profusion of application areas. However, the characteristics of wireless sensor networks require more effective methods for data forwarding and processing. In WSN, the sensor nodes have a limited transmission range, and their processing and storage capabilities as well as their energy resources are also limited. Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are responsible for maintaining the routes in the network and have to ensure reliable multi-hop communication under these conditions. In this paper, we give a survey of routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Network and compare their strengths and limitations.

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Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks - A Survey

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are applicable in numerous domains, including industrial automation where WSNs may be used for monitoring and control of industrial plants and equipment. However, the requirements in the industrial systems differ from the general WSN requirements. In recent years, standards have been defined by several industrial alliances. These standards are specified as frameworks with modifiable parts that can be defined based on the particular application of WSN. However, limited work has been done on defining industry-specific protocols that could be used as a part of these standards. In this survey, we discuss representative protocols that meet some of the requirements of the industrial applications. Since the industrial applications domain in itself is a vast area, we divide them into classes with similar requirements. We discuss these industrial classes, set of common requirements and various state-of-the-art WSN standards proposed to satisfy these requirements. We then present a broader view towards the WSN solution by discussing important functions like medium access control, routing, and transport in detail to give some insight into specific requirements and the classification of protocols based on certain factors. We list and discuss representative protocols for each of these functions that address requirements defined in the industrial classes. Security function is discussed in brief, mainly in relation to industrial standards. Finally, we identify unsolved challenges that are encountered during design of protocols and standards. In addition some new challenges are introduced and discussed.

An Industrial Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks — A Survey of Requirements, Protocols, and Challenges

In recent years, industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems, and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment, and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper, a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges, and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines, and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. This paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. This paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs.

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A Critical Analysis of Research Potential, Challenges, and Future Directives in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks comprise of minor battery driven devices with restricted energy resourcesOnce installed,the minor sensor nodes are usually unapproachable to the operator, and thus auxiliary of the energy source is not practicableHence,energy proficiency is a vital design issue that needs to be boosted in order to increase the lifetime of the network LEACH is a popular hierarchical routing protocol which efficiently maintains the energy storage of nodes in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)The nodes using LEACH are divided into clustersThe advantage of LEACH is that each node has the equal probability to be a cluster head,which makes the energy dissipation of each node be relatively balanced This paper studies LEACH protocol, and focuses on how to decide the next hop nodes more reasonable when the data are transmitted at the steady state Simulation has been done in NS2 and the results show that the algorithm after improved is more energy-efficient than LEACH protocol

Improvement on LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), nodes have limited energy and cannot be recharged In order to tackle this problem, clustering methods are employed to optimize energy consumption, gather data and also enhance the effective lifetime of the network In spite of the clustering methods advantages, there are still some important challenges such as choosing a sensor as a cluster head (CH), which has a significant effect in energy efficiency In clustering phase, nodes are divided into some clusters and then some nodes, named CH, are selected to be the head of each cluster In typical clustered WSNs, nodes sense the field and send the sensed data to the CH, then, after gathering and aggregating data, CH transmits them to the Base Station Node clustering in WSNs has many advantages, such as scalability, energy efficiency, and reducing routing delay In this paper, several clustering methods are studied to demonstrate advantages and disadvantages of them Among them, some methods deal with homogenous network, whereas some deals with heterogeneous In this paper, homogenous and heterogeneous methods of clustering are specifically investigated and compared to each other

Survey on clustering in heterogeneous and homogeneous wireless sensor networks

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Recent technological advances in communications and computation have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, small in size, and multifunctional sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network. Since the radio transmission and reception consumes a lot of energy, one of the important issues in wireless sensor network is the inherent limited battery power within network sensor nodes. Therefore, battery power is crucial parameter in the algorithm design to increase lifespan of nodes in the network. In addition to maximizing the lifespan of sensor nodes, it is preferable to distribute the energy dissipated throughout the wireless sensor network in order to maximize overall network performance. Much research has been done in recent years, investigating different aspects like, low power protocols, network establishments, routing protocol, and coverage problems of wireless sensor networks. There are various routing protocols like location-aided, multi-path, datacentric, mobility-based, QoS based, heterogeneity-based, hierarchical routing, hybrid routing, etc., in which optimal routing can be achieved in the context of energy. In this paper, the focus is mainly driven over the survey of the energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based available routings for Wireless Sensor Network.

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A Survey of Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor

Th iadiazole and their derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of biological effectiveness like antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitubercular, antidiabetic, anticancer, antidepressant, anti - parkinson, hypoglycaemic, anti - hypertensive and diuretic activity. Th is review provide a broad view of chemistry of 1,3,4 - thiadiazole system and it includes the literature survey on methods of preparation and pharmacological activities of 1,3,4 - thiadiazole moiety . As a result, compounds containing 1,3,4 - thiadiazole were att racted much attention in the field of medicines. Keywords: 1,3,4 - thiadiazole, biological effectiveness.

Synthesis and pha r macological activity of 1,3,4 - thiadiazole derivatives: a review

The manuscript proposes a quadratic gain bidirectional converter (QGBC). The proposed converter is operated in two different stages—step-up (motoring) and step-down (regenerative braking)—which can be employed in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The converter is operated in the continuous inductor current mode (CICM). For regenerative braking (RB) of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor, the self-inductance of the motor is exploiting to step up the back electromagnetic force (EMF) of the motor to extract the energy even at low rotor speed. The design parameters of the converter are selected as battery voltage 
 
 
 
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Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicle Using Quadratic Gain Bidirectional Converter

A nonisolated integrated multiple output synchronous buck converter is proposed in this article to cater the auxiliary power supply requirements of e-mobility. The converter provides independently controlled multiple outputs with reduced switch count as compared to conventional separate buck converters as well as conventional synchronous buck converter. The operating principle and working of the proposed converter are discussed in detail for better understanding. As the dynamic behavior of the converter is similar to the conventional buck converter, a simple controller is designed and implemented in this work. The converter is simulated in MATLAB-Simulink. A laboratory prototype of single input–quadruple output (SIQO) converter is developed and operated under closed loop condition to validate and demonstrate its advantages. The prototype is developed by designing two inductors on a single core for increased compactness and reduced cost of the converter. Each output of the converter can be independently controlled by varying the duty ratio of the related switch, thereby eliminating the effective cross regulation problem. The efficiency of the proposed SIQO converter is 93.6%, with four output ports, which is higher than its category of converters reported earlier. A significant improvement in the calculated efficiency is observed with the replacement of conventional switches and diodes of the converter by SiC switches (96.1%).

Integrated Quadruple Output Synchronous Buck Converter for E-Mobility Application

An event-triggered control scheme is presented in this paper for a DC-DC boost converter. In this scheme, the control signal is only triggered when the converter state exceeds a preset threshold otherwise the scheme is not engaged, and the control signal remains constant. Thus, compared with the conventional control techniques, the event-triggered method has the advantage of requiring less computation time, which enhances the regulatory performance. The control scheme is derived from the Lyapunov stability theorem, which leads to linear matrix inequality (LMI), and these LMI is shown to be feasible. We also demonstrated that the Zeno behavior is ruled out by imposing a lower bound by positive constant on the inter-event time. The performance of proposed event-triggered control is illustrated through a boost converter prototype.

Kumar Singh

Papers

A Survey of Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor

Synthesis and pha r macological activity of 1,3,4 - thiadiazole derivatives: a review

Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicle Using Quadratic Gain Bidirectional Converter

Integrated Quadruple Output Synchronous Buck Converter for E-Mobility Application

Event-Triggered Control for DC-DC Boost Converters