WIDER Annankatu 42 00100 HELSINKI FINLAND 1. Introduction (p.l) 2. Capabilities, well-being, agency and perceptions (p.6) 3. Social Technology, cooperation and conflicts (p.10) 4. Households economics, bargaining models and information bases (p.15) 5. Cooperative conflicts: Interests, contributions and perceptions (p.20) 6. Extended entitlements and perceived legitimacy (p.30) 7. Production, earnings and perceived contributions (p.37) 8. Well-being, agency and cooperative conflicts (p.42) 2 GENDER AND COOPERATIVE CONFLICTS*

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Gender and cooperative conflicts

http://pdfwww.china-up.com:8080/international/case/case/1296.pdf

Gender planning in the Third World: meeting practical and strategic gender needs.

In this chapter, the author writes at the urging of a number of friends and with some trepidation, revisiting the themes and arguments of an essay written some sixteen years ago. The “under” of Western eyes is now much more an “inside” in terms of my own location in the US academy. The author writes “Under Western Eyes” to discover and articulate a critique of “Western feminist” scholarship on Third World women via the discursive colonization of Third World women’s lives and struggles. She wants to expose the power–knowledge nexus of feminist cross-cultural scholarship expressed through Eurocentric, falsely universalizing methodologies that serve the narrow self-interest of Western feminism. “Under Western Eyes” sought to make the operations of discursive power visible, to draw attention to what was left out of feminist theorizing, namely, the material complexity, reality, and agency of Third World women’s bodies and lives.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/342914

Under Western Eyes revisited: Feminist solidarity through anticapitalist struggles

This article explores the intimate historical and modern connection between manhood and nationhood: through the construction of patriotic manhood and exalted motherhood as icons of nationalist ideology; through the designation of gendered 'places' for men and women in national politics; through the domination of masculine interests and ideology in nationalist movements; through the interplay between masculine microcultures and nationalist ideology; through sexualized militarism including the construction of simultaneously over-sexed and under-sexed 'enemy' men (rapists and wimps) and promiscuous 'enemy' women (sluts and whores). Three 'puzzles' are partially solved by exposing the connection between masculinity and nationalism: why are many men so desperate to defend masculine, monoracial, and heterosexual institutional preserves, such as military organizations and academies; why do men go to war; and the 'gender gap', that is, why do men and women appear to have very different goals and agendas for the '...

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Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations

The authors analyze the acquisition of women's suffrage in 133 countries from 1890 to 1990. Throughout the twentieth century the influence of national political and organizational factors has declined and the importance of international links and influences has become increasingly important. These findings indicate that the franchise has become institutionalized worldwide as a taken-for-granted feature of national citizenship and an integral component of Nation-State identity : the prevailing model of political citizenship has become more inclusive

The changing logic of political citizenship : Cross-national acquisition of women's suffrage rights, 1890 to 1990

For twenty-five years, Kumari Jayawardenas text has been an essential primer on the history of womens movements in Asia and the Middle Eastfrom Egypt, Turkey and Iran, to India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan, Korea and the Philippinesin the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jayawardena presents a feminism that didnt originate as an ideology of the West to be adopted by women in the Third World, but that instead erupted from the specific needs and struggles of women fighting against colonial power, for education or the vote, for safety, and against poverty and inequality. This readable and well-researched survey highlights the role of women in the national liberation and revolutionary movements of these countries.

Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World

In The White Woman's Other Burden, Kumari Jayawardena re-evaluates the Western women who lived and worked in South Asia during the period of British rule. She tells the stories of many well-known women, including Katherine Mayo, Helena Blavatsky, Annie Besant, Madeleine Slade, and Mirra Richard and highlights the stories of dozens of women whose names have been forgotten today. In the course of this telling, Jayawardena raises the issues of race, class, and gender which are part of current debates among feminists throughout the world.

The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule

* Contents * 1. Abducted Women, the State and Questions of Honour: Three Perspectives on the Recovery Operation in Post-Partition India - Ritu Menon and Kamla Bhasin * 2. Rape and the Construction of Communal Identity - Kalpana Kannabiran * 3. Discursive Strategies and Exclusivities: Gender, Nationalism(s) and Cultural Identity - Shahnaz Rouse * 4. Inside the Andar Mahal: Muslim Women in the Private Sphere in Colonial Bengal - Sonia Nishat Amin * 5. Sexuality in the Field of Vision: The Discursive Clothing of the Sigiriya Frescoes - Malathi de Alwis * 6. Ethnicity and the Empowerment of Women: The Colonial Legacy - Jasodhara Bagchi * 7. Hindu Nationalist Women as Ideologues: The 'Sangh' the 'Samiti' and their Differential Concept of the Hindu Nation - Paola Bacchetta * 8. Static Signifiers? Metaphors of Woman in Contemporary Sri Lankan War Poetry - Neloufer de Mel * 9. The Myth of 'Patriots' and 'Traitors': Pandita Ramabai, Brahmanical Patriarchy, and Militant Hindu Nationalism - Uma Chakravarti * 10. Institutions, Beliefs, Ideologies: Widow-Immolation in Contemporary Rajasthan - Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid

Embodied violence : communalising women's sexuality in South Asia

* Introduction * Part 1: Mainly 'Nobodies ' in a Colonial Backwater * 1. Trade and Accumulation in the Pre-Plantation Economy * 2. The Beginnings of the Bourgeoisie * 3. Taking Off Through the Arrack Trade * 4. Multi-Caste Class Formation * Part 2: Becoming 'Somebodies' * 5. Transition to Plantation Economy * 6. Marketing Arrack among Workers and Peasants * 7. Profits in the Liquor Trade * 8. Merchant Capitalists Spread Their Wings * Part 3: Accumulating Status and Constructing Identity * 9. Recasting Caste in Class Society * 10. The Sinhala Bourgeoisie of 'Nobodies' and 'Somebodies' * 11. The Creation of the Colombo Tamil Bourgeoisie * 12. Constructing Muslim Identity * 13. Burghers and Eurasians as Modernizers * Part 4: Culture, Religious Revival and Gender * 14. Christianization and Cultural Assimilation * 15. Religious Revival and the Bourgeoisie * 16. The Debut of the Bourgeois Woman * Part 5: Capital and Politics * 17. The Politics of Loyalty and Royalty * 18. Class and Caste in National Politics * 19. Political Capital and Dynasty * 20. Conclusion * Appendices

Nobodies to Somebodies: The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka

The 1915 Buddhist-Muslim riots in Ceylon are often attributed to religious animosity, but economic and political factors significantly influenced the environment in which the riots occurred and help to explain the drastic government reaction to the disorders. The Muslims involved, recent arrivals from India called Coast Moors, were primarily traders and moneylenders. Resentment against price increases and alleged profiteering developed among the Sinhalese Buddhists. Before 1915, communal tensions had grown, with many Sinhalese-language newspapers denouncing the Coast Moors for exploitation of the Ceylonese. A Buddhist temperence movement had become a channel for articulating nationalist sentiments and was viewed with suspicion by the colonial regime. Labor unrest and trade unionism had appeared in Colombo prior to the riots. There, the 1915 disorders were led by the most militant urban workers, particularly railway workers, and reflected working-class grievances over rising living costs and unemployment. Fear of German intrigue during the war, the spread of nationalism and terrorism from India, and urban working-class unrest led colonial officials to interpret the riots as a threat to British rule. The officials were divided on the severity of action required, but those favoring the most drastic measures prevailed.

Kumari Jayawardena

Papers

Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World

The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule

Embodied violence : communalising women's sexuality in South Asia

Nobodies to Somebodies: The Rise of the Colonial Bourgeoisie in Sri Lanka

Economic and Political Factors in the 1915 Riots