Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects

https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/38056/2/01_McMichael_Food%2c_livestock_production%2c_2007.pdf

Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health

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Logistic Regression A Self Learning Text

We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of observational studies on cigarette smoking and cancer from 1961 to 2003. The aim was to quantify the risk for 13 cancer sites, recognized to be related to tobacco smoking by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and to analyze the risk variation for each site in a systematic manner. We extracted data from 254 reports published between 1961 and 2003 (177 case-control studies, 75 cohorts and 2 nested case-control studies) included in the 2004 IARC Monograph on Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. The analyses were carried out on 216 studies with reported estimates for 'current' and/or 'former' smokers. We performed sensitivity analysis, and looked for publication and other types of bias. Lung (RR = 8.96; 95% CI: 6.73-12.11), laryngeal (RR = 6.98; 95% CI: 3.14-15.52) and pharyngeal (RR = 6.76; 95% CI: 2.86-15.98) cancers presented the highest relative risks (RRs) for current smokers, followed by upper digestive tract (RR = 3.57; 95% CI: 2.63-4.84) and oral (RR = 3.43; 95% CI: 2.37-4.94) cancers. As expected, pooled RRs for respiratory cancers were greater than the pooled estimates for other sites. The analysis of heterogeneity showed that study type, gender and adjustment for confounding factors significantly influence the RRs estimates and the reliability of the studies.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijc.23033

Tobacco smoking and cancer: A meta-analysis

This document presents answers to 24 questions relevant to reviewing European policies on air pollution and to addressing health aspects of these policies. The answers were developed by a large group of scientists engaged in the WHO project “Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP”. The experts reviewed and discussed the newly accumulated scientific evidence on the adverse effects on health of air pollution, formulating science-based answers to the 24 questions. Extensive rationales for the answers, including the list of key references, are provided. The review concludes that a considerable amount of new scientific information on the adverse effects on health of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, observed at levels commonly present in Europe, has been published in recent years. This new evidence supports the scientific conclusions of the WHO air quality guidelines, last updated in 2005, and indicates that the effects in some cases occur at air pollution concentrations lower than those serving to establish these guidelines. It also provides scientific arguments for taking decisive actions to improve air quality and reduce the burden of disease associated with air pollution in Europe. This publication arises from the project REVIHAAP and has been co-funded by the European Union.

Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP Project. Technical Report. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe 2013

Relationship between microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer.

Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate the gene expression and act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in oncogenesis. The association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in miR-196a2 rs11614913 and the susceptibility of digestive system cancers was inconsistent in previous studies.

/pdf/a-genetic-variant-in-mir-196a2-increased-digestive-system-2jfj2p7lk2.pdf

A genetic variant in miR-196a2 increased digestive system cancer risks: a meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies.

AIM: To clarify the influence of genetic polymorphisms on colorectal cancer.

METHODS: The results of 42 related studies from 1990 to 2001 were analyzed by meta-analysis. Mantel-Haenzel fixed-effect model or Dersimonian-Laird random-effect model and ReviewManager 4.1 statistical program were applied in processing the data.

RESULTS: Meta analysis of these studies showed that GSTT1 deletion (pooled OR = 1.42), N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2)-rapid acetylator phenotype and genotye (pooled OR = 1.08) and NAT2-rapid acetylator phenotype (pooled OR = 1.15) had a significantly increased risk for colorectal cancer (P 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Risks for colorectal cancer are significantly associated with the genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 deletion, NAT2-rapid acetylator phenotype and genotye and NAT2-rapid acetylator phenotype.

Relationship between metabolic enzyme polymorphism and colorectal cancer.

ZHANG M., JIN M., YU Y., ZHANG S., WU Y., LIU H., LIU H., CHEN B., LI Q., MA X. & CHEN K. (2011) European Journal of Cancer Care21, 274–280



Associations of miRNA polymorphisms and female physiological characteristics with breast cancer risk in Chinese population



mircoRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles on regulation of gene expressions. Aberrant expression of miRNAs was involved in various biological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis of breast cancer. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were implicated in altered expression or biological functions of mature miRNAs. To explore the relevance of miRNA polymorphisms and female physiological characteristics to breast cancer risk, SNPs located within hsa-miR-605 (rs2043556), hsa-miR-149 (rs2292832), hsa-miR-27a (rs895819), hsa-miR-196a-2 (rs11614913) and hsa-miR-618 (rs2682818) were selected, and their associations with breast cancer risk were analysed. In addition, associations between physiological characteristics-related factors and breast cancer risk were estimated too. We found that the ones with menarche age less than 16 years had increased breast cancer risk (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.23–3.60). Marginally significant association between rs11614913 CT/CC genotypes and reduced breast cancer risk was observed (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.40–1.06), while no significance was detected about the other miRNA polymorphisms. We concluded that menarche at less than 16 years old increased breast cancer risk, while the genetic variants in miR-196-a-2 might decreased the risk.

Associations of miRNA polymorphisms and female physiological characteristics with breast cancer risk in Chinese population

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. To reduce the incidence and mortality from rectal cancer, an individual quantitative risk-assessment model (hereafter referred to as the Attributive Degree Value) and reverse passive hemagglutination fecal occult blood test were used in a randomized, controlled, population-based trial that was conducted in Jiashan County, People’s Republic of China. METHODS: All residents of Jiashan County aged 30 years or older were enrolled in the study, and 21 townships in the county were randomized to either a screening (n = 10 townships) or control (n = 11 townships) group. Participants in the screened group submitted a one-article-per-slide stool sample and completed a structured risk-assessment questionnaire from which their attributive degree value was computed. According to study protocol, 4,299 participants were defined as high risk and underwent diagnostic evaluation with 60-cm flexible sigmoidoscopy and, in some cases, an additional screening with colonoscopy. RESULTS: From 1989 to 1996, cumulative mortality from colon cancer was 90 (95 percent confidence interval, 83–97) per 100,000 in the screened group and 83 (95 percent confidence interval, 76–90) per 100,000 in the control group (log-rank = 1.49, P = 0.222). Mortality from rectal cancer during this time was 110 (95 percent confidence interval, 102–118) per 100,000 in the screened group, which differed significantly from the control group mortality rate of 161 (95 percent confidence interval, 152–170) per 100,000 (log-rank P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Mass screening with a reverse passive hemagglutination fecal occult blood test along with an individual attributive degree value score was effective in reducing mortality from rectal cancer but not in reducing mortality from colon cancer or the incidence of colorectal cancer.

Kun Chen

Papers

Relationship between microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer.

A genetic variant in miR-196a2 increased digestive system cancer risks: a meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies.

Relationship between metabolic enzyme polymorphism and colorectal cancer.

Associations of miRNA polymorphisms and female physiological characteristics with breast cancer risk in Chinese population

Cluster randomization trial of sequence mass screening for colorectal cancer.