To test the feasibility of biodiesel production using rendered fat from avian influenza (AI) infected poultry in a burial site, we conducted a laboratory-scale transesterification. Each content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was identified to estimate the characteristics of produced biodiesel. Analytical results of the whole FAME profile show that the rendered fat from AI carcass can be a useful source of biodiesel production. The results show 47% of total fat mass can be recovered as biodiesel. Although natural biodegradation in the burial site and soil impurities lowered the yield, the compositional properties of FAMEs confirm that the produced biodiesel presents adequate fuel characteristics, satisfying common biodiesel specifications. These findings provide evidence that our approach can be a viable option to recycle buried carcass sustainably while terminating burial sites.

Biodiesel potential of rendered fat from avian influenza infected poultry in a burial site

This study evaluated the recovery rate of Fatty Acids Methyl Ester (FAME) using various waste cooking greases from local restaurants. The productivity of biodiesel was analyzed based on the FAME contents and profiles according to the source of greases. Adapting a statistical approach, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), various transesterification based on the ratio of catalyst (KOH) and methanol was evaluated experimentally. Results presented a significant difference in total FAME recovery depending on reaction condition. RSM revealed the optimal blending condition of methanol (59−100 ml) and KOH (2.2−3.2 g) for waste cooking greases of bovine, swine, and poultry, which presented similar FAME characteristics when compared with other biodiesels. Optimal conditions for bovine, swine and poultry made the potential of biodiesel recovery from greases as high as 57.0%, 55.3%, and 53.7%, respectively. Overall, suggested optimized transesterification of waste cooking grease prevents unnecessary resource waste and enables the concept of waste-to-energy. It is also eco-friendly due to reduced pollutant emission and fossil fuel substitution.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Grease: Optimization and Comparative Productivity Assessment

- In order to evaluate their potential as sources of biodies el, oil content and fatty acid composition of seeds and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties from seven woody oil plants in Korea were analysed. The oil content of seed of all woody plant species ranged from 15.1 ( Ligustrum lucidum ) to 70.3% ( Camellia japonica ) by dry weight. Fatty acid composition consisted mainly of oleic acid, linoleic acid, lino lenic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, with oleic acid bein g the most abundant. The content of unsaturated fatty acids of all species was higher than saturated fatty acids. Oxidation stability of seed oils of all woody plants ranged from 2.25 to 8.62 hours/110 ℃. Fatty acid methyl ester of Styrax japonica has been found to have the highest iodine value, indicating that unsaturated fatty acid content is higher than other seed oils. Cold filter plug point(CFPP) was varied over a wide range from 0 ℃ to –13℃. The cold fluidity of FAME of Chionanthus retusa were excellent.

Analysis of Fatty Acid Compositions and Biodiesel Properties of Seeds of Woody Oil Plants in Korea

Improvement of Low-temperature Fluidity of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats Using Urea for Reduction of Total Saturated FAME

To secure raw materials of biodiesel production, the possibility of camellia ( C. japonica L.) and tea ( C. sinensis L.) seed oil was studied to produce biodiesel. In this research, crude oil contents and fatty acid compositions of seeds were analyzed by Solxlet and Gas chromatography (GC). The oil contents in the seeds of camellia were 69.8%~73.8%, and tea were 26.3%~29.4%. Among the fatty acids of camellia and tea oil, oleic acid was dominant. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 88.4% and 80.2% of the whole fatty acids of camellia and tea seed oil. Total seed oil content and fatty acid composition of tea seed were influenced by collecting date. Across maturation period, oil content of tea seed averaged 18.3% on 6 th Septemberincreasing to 27.9% by 11 th October. For largest seed yield and oil content, the optimum time to harvest tea is in middle october,and camellia is late september and thereafter. The extraction efficiency of oil from seeds by extraction methods was determined.Biodiesel were synthesized in 92.1~92.8% yields from camellia and tea oils by transesterification. The biodiesel was characterizedby its physical and fuel properties including oxidation stability, iodine value and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). Oxidation stabilityof camellia was 8.6~8.8 hours and tea was 2.9~3.6 at 110℃. Camellia oil had considerably better oxidation stability and CFPP than tea oil.

Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition and Methyl-ester Properties of Camellia and Tea Oil

Biodiesel was produced by "transesterification" of vegetable oils and animal fats as an alternative to petroleum diesel. The research analysed the fuel characteristics of biodiesel, the yield of by-products and biodiesel, using several vegetable oils - rapeseed oil, camellia oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, perilla oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and animal fats such as lard, tallow, and chicken fat. The results showed the yields of biodiesel made from the vegetable oils and animal fats were and respectively. Production rates and oxidation characteristics were different depending on the fats applied.

Kwan-Su Kim

Papers

Yield and Characterization of Various Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats