To test the feasibility of biodiesel production using rendered fat from avian influenza (AI) infected poultry in a burial site, we conducted a laboratory-scale transesterification. Each content of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was identified to estimate the characteristics of produced biodiesel. Analytical results of the whole FAME profile show that the rendered fat from AI carcass can be a useful source of biodiesel production. The results show 47% of total fat mass can be recovered as biodiesel. Although natural biodegradation in the burial site and soil impurities lowered the yield, the compositional properties of FAMEs confirm that the produced biodiesel presents adequate fuel characteristics, satisfying common biodiesel specifications. These findings provide evidence that our approach can be a viable option to recycle buried carcass sustainably while terminating burial sites.

Biodiesel potential of rendered fat from avian influenza infected poultry in a burial site

This study evaluated the recovery rate of Fatty Acids Methyl Ester (FAME) using various waste cooking greases from local restaurants. The productivity of biodiesel was analyzed based on the FAME contents and profiles according to the source of greases. Adapting a statistical approach, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), various transesterification based on the ratio of catalyst (KOH) and methanol was evaluated experimentally. Results presented a significant difference in total FAME recovery depending on reaction condition. RSM revealed the optimal blending condition of methanol (59−100 ml) and KOH (2.2−3.2 g) for waste cooking greases of bovine, swine, and poultry, which presented similar FAME characteristics when compared with other biodiesels. Optimal conditions for bovine, swine and poultry made the potential of biodiesel recovery from greases as high as 57.0%, 55.3%, and 53.7%, respectively. Overall, suggested optimized transesterification of waste cooking grease prevents unnecessary resource waste and enables the concept of waste-to-energy. It is also eco-friendly due to reduced pollutant emission and fossil fuel substitution.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Grease: Optimization and Comparative Productivity Assessment

PURPOSE: Provided is a method for processing garlic at low temperature by using a vacuum-drier to provide garlic pellets or garlic tea without the loss of active ingredients of garlic and the breakdown of nutriments thereof. The processed garlic products have no pungent taste and smell peculiar to garlic. CONSTITUTION: The method for processing garlic is characterized by drying garlic with a vacuum-drier at low temperature, preferably 30-40 deg.C until its water content reaches to 3-4%, thereby drying it without carbonization, then powdering it into a size of 120-150 mesh. The processed garlic can be automatically manufactured into pellets and tea by a manufacturing machine.

manufacturing process of processed garlic

- In order to evaluate their potential as sources of biodies el, oil content and fatty acid composition of seeds and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties from seven woody oil plants in Korea were analysed. The oil content of seed of all woody plant species ranged from 15.1 ( Ligustrum lucidum ) to 70.3% ( Camellia japonica ) by dry weight. Fatty acid composition consisted mainly of oleic acid, linoleic acid, lino lenic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, with oleic acid bein g the most abundant. The content of unsaturated fatty acids of all species was higher than saturated fatty acids. Oxidation stability of seed oils of all woody plants ranged from 2.25 to 8.62 hours/110 ℃. Fatty acid methyl ester of Styrax japonica has been found to have the highest iodine value, indicating that unsaturated fatty acid content is higher than other seed oils. Cold filter plug point(CFPP) was varied over a wide range from 0 ℃ to –13℃. The cold fluidity of FAME of Chionanthus retusa were excellent.

Analysis of Fatty Acid Compositions and Biodiesel Properties of Seeds of Woody Oil Plants in Korea

Improvement of Low-temperature Fluidity of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats Using Urea for Reduction of Total Saturated FAME

Biodiesel was produced by "transesterification" of vegetable oils and animal fats as an alternative to petroleum diesel. The research analysed the fuel characteristics of biodiesel, the yield of by-products and biodiesel, using several vegetable oils - rapeseed oil, camellia oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, perilla oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and animal fats such as lard, tallow, and chicken fat. The results showed the yields of biodiesel made from the vegetable oils and animal fats were and respectively. Production rates and oxidation characteristics were different depending on the fats applied.

Yield and Characterization of Various Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats

PURPOSE: Provided is a method for manufacturing garlic powder by freezing garlic at extreme low temperatures and grinding the garlic when necessary. The garlic powder has the same effect as raw garlic and can be stored for a long time and easy used. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing garlic powder is comprised of the following steps of: i) peeling garlics and putting the garlics into liquid nitrogen of below -170 deg.C for five seconds to one hour to break garlics up due to temperature differences and stop the activity of enzymes; ii) shocking the broken garlics to obtain segmented garlics varying in sizes and drying the segmented and frozen garlics in a vacuum; and iii) grinding the segmented garlics with a grinder such as a pin mill to obtain white garlic powder.

A preparation of garlic power through hyper-low temperature frozen drying method

Salinity stress is one of the most serious factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to assess inter-cultivar (intraspecific) variation for salinity tolerance in six Korean rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars at the seedling stage. The effect of three different salinity stress levels (EC 4, 8, and 16 dSㆍm -1 ) on seedlings of six cultivars was investigated through leaf size, leaf dry weight, and leaf chlorosis. At the highest salinity level (16 dSㆍm-1), the mean decrease of leaf dry weight in ‘Sunmang’, ‘Tammi’, ‘Tamla’, ‘Naehan’, ‘Youngsan’, and ‘Halla’ was about 56.2, 56.9, 78.4, 79.3, 77.4, and 80.9%, respectively. ‘Tammi’ and ‘Sunmang’ showed much less reduction in leaf dry weight than all the other cultivars. In addition, diluted seawater treatments increased the occurrence of leaf chlorosis in six cultivars. At EC 8 and 16 dSㆍm -1 , ‘Naehan’, ‘Youngsan’, and ‘Halla’ showed a higher level of leaf chlorosis than ‘Tammi’ ‘Sunmang’, and ‘Tamla’. On the basis of these results, six cultivars were placed into salinity-tolerant and sensitive groups. ‘Tammi’ and ‘Sunmang’ were the salinity-tolerant cultivars, while ‘Naehan’, ‘Halla’, ‘Youngsan’, and ‘Tamla’ were the salinity-sensitive cultivars. ‘Tammi’ and ‘Naehan’ rated as the most tolerant and most sensitive cultivar, respectively. To further analyze protein expression profiles in ‘Tammi’ and ‘Naehan’, 2-D proteomic analysis was performed using the plants grown under diluted seawater treatments. We identified eight differentially displayed proteins that participate in photosynthesis, carbon assimilation, starch and sucrose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cold and oxidative stress, and calcium signaling. The differential protein expressions in ‘Tammi’ and ‘Naehan’ are likely to correlate with the differential growth responses of both cultivars to salinity stress. These data suggest that ‘Tammi’ is better adapted to salinity stressed environments than ‘Naehan’.

http://www.koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201228448584439.pdf

Tae-Sung Lee

Papers

Yield and Characterization of Various Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats

A preparation of garlic power through hyper-low temperature frozen drying method

Analyses of inter-cultivar variation for salinity tolerance in six Korean rapeseed cultivars.