https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

The energy crises, particularly the fear of depletion of mineral oils are becoming a very serious issue. Non-oil producing countries are becoming the victim of the scenario. On the other hand the environmental pollution, green house effect, global warming and acid rain are also threatening the life. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel which can cater the problems. Vegetable oils can be used to substitute mineral diesel after reducing their viscosity and specific gravity. For this purpose different techniques are used. Among these, transesterification is frequently used as it is the most reliable, most feasible, and can be used to produce biodiesel easily. The conversion efficiency of biodiesel via transesterification depends upon the nature of feedstock, amount and type of alcohol and catalyst, operating temperature, and reaction time. In this study the performance of alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic catalysts have been reviewed. Modern techniques of development of biodiesel i.e., use of microwaves and super critical alcohol have also been discussed critically.

Production of biodiesel: A technical review

Engine performance curves were obtained for crude, degummed, and degummed-dewaxed sunflower oils and for crude, degummed, and alkali refined cottonseed oils using a single-cylinder, precombustion chamber design diesel engine Crude oils gave very poor performance and are considered unsuitable for use as alternative diesel fuels Performance curves for processed sunflower and cotton-seed oils were slightly better than for diesel fuel, but increased carbon deposits and lubricating oil fouling were noted Although processed oils may be acceptable fuels for short-term use, they are not recommended as alternative diesel fuels at this time

L.A. Johnson

Papers

Effects of processing and chemical characteristics of plant oils on performance of an indirect-injection diesel engine