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Computation And Interpretation Of Biological Statistics Of Fish Populations

Broad-scale studies of climate change effects on freshwater species have focused mainly on temperature, ignoring critical drivers such as flow regime and biotic interactions. We use downscaled outputs from general circulation models coupled with a hydrologic model to forecast the effects of altered flows and increased temperatures on four interacting species of trout across the interior western United States (1.01 million km2), based on empirical statistical models built from fish surveys at 9,890 sites. Projections under the 2080s A1B emissions scenario forecast a mean 47% decline in total suitable habitat for all trout, a group of fishes of major socioeconomic and ecological significance. We project that native cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, already excluded from much of its potential range by nonnative species, will lose a further 58% of habitat due to an increase in temperatures beyond the species' physiological optima and continued negative biotic interactions. Habitat for nonnative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and brown trout Salmo trutta is predicted to decline by 77% and 48%, respectively, driven by increases in temperature and winter flood frequency caused by warmer, rainier winters. Habitat for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, is projected to decline the least (35%) because negative temperature effects are partly offset by flow regime shifts that benefit the species. These results illustrate how drivers other than temperature influence species response to climate change. Despite some uncertainty, large declines in trout habitat are likely, but our findings point to opportunities for strategic targeting of mitigation efforts to appropriate stressors and locations.

https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2011_wenger_s001.pdf

Flow regime, temperature, and biotic interactions drive differential declines of trout species under climate change [includes Supporting Information]

Summary 1. Mass-specific standard metabolic rate (SMR, or maintenance metabolism) varies greatly among individuals. Metabolism is particularly sensitive to variation in food consumption and growth creating the potential for significant bias in measured SMR for animals that are growing (e.g. juveniles) or of uncertain nutritional status. 2. Consequently, interpreting individual variation in metabolism requires a sound understanding of the potentially confounding role of growth and the relative importance of fixed (genetic) vs. environmental drivers of SMR variation. 3. We review the role of growth in measured SMR variation in juvenile salmonids, with the goals of (i) understanding the contribution of growth (and food consumption) to SMR variation through ontogeny, (ii) understanding the relative contributions of tissue maintenance and biosynthesis (overhead costs of growth) to apparent SMR variation, and (iii) using intrinsic growth effects on SMR to model how alternate life-history strategies may influence growth and measured SMR in juvenile salmonids. 4. SMR measures on juveniles, even when post-absorptive, may be inflated by delayed growthassociated overhead costs, unless juveniles are on a maintenance ration (i.e. not growing). Empirical measurements of apparent SMR in food restricted vs. satiated 2–5 g juvenile salmon demonstrate that estimates may be inflated by as much as 67% due to delayed overhead costs of growth, even when SMR measurements are taken 35 h post-feeding. 5. These results indicate that a substantial component of variation in apparent SMR among juvenile salmonids may be associated with (i) environmentally driven variation in ration (where elevated SMR measurements are an artefact of delayed growth overhead costs), (ii) intrinsic (genetic) or plastic organ-system trade-offs related to increasing investment in metabolically expensive digestive tissue responsible for processing food and (iii) intrinsic (genetic) variation in maximum body size and growth among individuals or life-history types. We suggest that selection for differences in adult body size among resident and anadromous forms leading to differences in juvenile growth trajectories may contribute to both SMR variation and habitat segregation in freshwater, where juveniles with higher growth are constrained to foraging in high velocity habitats to meet their greater consumption needs.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2656.12260

Relationship between growth and standard metabolic rate: measurement artefacts and implications for habitat use and life-history adaptation in salmonids.

Most studies analyzing patterns in biotic homogenization of fish communities have used large-scale approaches, while the community-level effects of species introductions and local extinctions within river basins have been sparsely analyzed. In this article, we examine patterns in freshwater fish α- and β-diversity in relation to the presence of reservoirs in a Mediterranean river (Guadiana river; Iberian Peninsula). We used fish samples from 182 river localities and 59 reservoir ones to address two main questions: (i) do reservoirs favor the establishment of invasive fish species?; and (ii) do reservoirs bear taxonomically homogenized fish communities? Although total species richness was not different between rivers and reservoirs, the latter had more invasive species and less native ones. Fish species found in reservoirs tended to be larger ones, but invasive species of any size showed higher preferences for reservoirs. Native species that were rare or absent in reservoirs were those that showed higher sensitivity to invasive species in rivers. Reservoir fish communities were taxonomically homogenized in relation to river ones, both when considering all fish species and using only natives or only invasive ones. Our results suggest that invasive species occupying reservoirs constitute an ecological filter excluding most native species from such systems. Invasive species in the study area are often widely introduced elsewhere, while native species found in reservoirs are congeneric and ecologically similar to those found in other Iberian studies. Thus, we conclude that reservoirs promote taxonomic homogenization at multiple spatial scales, while could also be promoting the functional homogenization of Iberian fish communities.

Reservoirs promote the taxonomic homogenization of fish communities within river basins

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is probably the most widely introduced fish species in the world. Since the first translocation outside of the range of its natural distribution, the species has been introduced into at least 99 countries and has established reproducing populations in many different parts of the world. The present review aims to synthesize the existing information on these translocations, with special emphasis on self-sustaining populations in Europe, where continuous introductions have in general not led to naturalization. Our survey produced a list of more than 130 confirmed or potential self-sustaining populations across 16 European countries. The highest abundance of such populations was observed in the Alpine foothills of central Europe where naturalization is not limited to modified waters less suitable for native salmonids but also occurs commonly in pristine and near-natural waters. There is no consensus on the reasons for the absence of self-sustaining populations of rainbo...

Rainbow trout in Europe: introduction, naturalization, and impacts.

In this study we examine the spatial variations in the fish communities in the Tiber River watershed, including both native and exotic species. Its main objectives were to assess the quality of fish communities of this area and to verify if factors of fish community disturbance are constant over the basin or if they change along the river gradient. The level of degradation was evaluated according to the ratio between the number of native fish species and total number of species (ZIC = Zoogeographic Integrity Coefficient). A total of 37 fish species was found, 13 native and 24 exotic (64.86%). Cyprinid is the prevailing family with 15 species (7 native, 8 exotic). The species most frequently introduced are cyprinids, followed by salmonids (4 species) and gobids (3 species). Of the 24 exotic species only 11 (45.83%) can be considered intentionally introduced by man: the proportion of intentionally introduced transplanted species (66.67%) is considerably higher than the translocated species (33.33%). There is a correlation between the longitudinal gradient of the river, the morphological evolution of the riverbed and decline in water quality. High ZIC values were related to higher elevation, greater slope and better water quality. As the size of the river increases the fish communities appear to be ever-more dominated by species of exotic origin, whose number progressively increases with the worsening of the water quality and downstream movement. The number of native species is the greatest in the middle reaches of the rivers, and decreases both upstream and downstream. Compared to the introduced species, the native species tend to stay upstream and are often the only species found in the headwaters. The number of introduced species increases downstream. We have also found differences among translocated and transplanted species: the first ones tend to favor the middle reaches of the rivers, while transplanted species seem to prefer the downstream sectors. In almost all cases, the sampling station immediately below an impoundment has the lowest ZIC values in comparison to the river stretches above the dam. Our preliminary results suggest that characteristics of fish community alterations depend on the type of river sector involved; the small rivers of the basin are a refuge zone for the native community and are currently of fundamental importance for maintaining biodiversity.

/pdf/native-and-exotic-fish-species-in-the-tiber-river-watershed-52i9sgsmpg.pdf

Native and exotic fish species in the tiber river watershed (umbria - italy) and their relationship to the longitudinal gradient

The goldfish Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) is a scaly, high-bodied, laterally compressed fish; its mouth is small and terminal, without barbels The dorsal fin is long with a slightly serrated third spine This species is very similar to the crucian carp Carassius carassius (Linneaus), but is more elongated and has a slightly concave dorsal fin and slightly larger scales (Lelek 1987) There has been considerable confusion concerning the taxonomic status of C auratus Many authors have recognized two subspecies in its native range: C a auratus (goldfish, Chinese goldfish, or Asian goldfish) from Asia, and Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch (Prussian carp, gibele carp, or European goldfish) from Eastern Europe (Hanfling et al 2005) Howells (1992, in Nico and Schofield 2006) reported that goldfish typically observed in the US waters are crucian carp goldfish hybrids Goldfish commonly hybridises with the carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, giving rise to individuals that are intermediate in morphology between the two parent species Recent studies have indicated Gherardi: Biological Invaders in Inland Waters ch13 Page Proof page 259 1342007 3:58pm Compositor Name: PDjeapradaban

http://bio.unipg.it/sito_web_en/download/Pubblicazioni/Parti/Carassio%20INWAT.pdf

Growth and reproduction of the goldfish Carassius auratus: a case study from Italy

The aim of the research was to test relative weight (W r ), a condition index which allows evaluation of fish well-being, as a tool to investigate the impact of the presence of non native species (NNS) on the condition of the key native species (NS) of the Tiber River basin (Italy): Barbus tyberinus Bonaparte, Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus), Leuciscus lucumonis Bianco, Rutilus rubilio (Bonaparte) and Telestes muticellus (Bonaparte). By means of Canonical Correlation Analysis, data from 130 sampling sites, distributed throughout Tiber River basin, were examined. W r of NS was related to densities of NNS and to environmental variables. Moreover, the correlation between W r of NS and density of NNS was investigated through linear regression analysis and covariance analysis. Preliminary results encourage the use of W r as a tool to assess the relationship between NS and ecological factors (such as the presence of NNS) and to explain the changes that occur along the longitudinal gradient of a river.

/pdf/assessing-the-impact-of-non-native-freshwater-fishes-on-36l8yrg86x.pdf

Assessing the impact of non-native freshwater fishes on native species using relative weight

Assessing the impact of non-native freshwater fishes on native species using relative weight Évaluation de l'impact des poissons d'eau douce non indigènes sur les espèces indigènes utilisant le poids relatif

The growth and reproductive biology of the invasive goldfish Carassius auratus auratus were studied in Lake Trasimeno, central Italy The results of the research revealed that the population is made up of eight age-classes The sex ratio proved to be extremely unbalanced (1 : 19 in favour of females) Growth can be deemed rapid, the von Bertalanffy growth in length function being TL = 43019{1-e(-0272(t 0162) )} for the total sample and φ' = 2702 No sexual dimorphism in growth was observed Back-calculation analysis suggested the existence of an inverse Lee phenomenon among 1 year-old specimens The reproductive period covers a broad time-span, from March to June In females, sexual maturity is reached after the second winter of life (2 age-class); however, a small percentage (755%) of females is able to reproduce at the age of 1 year Most of the males attained sexual maturity in the first year (6061%) The reproductive investment of the females is high; the relationship between SL and the number of eggs was Ne = 00041 SL4368 Fecundity varied from 286 to 219104 eggs, with an average relative fecundity of 103 ± 5 eggs g-1; the mean diameter of the eggs was 127 ± 001 mm The reproductive investment of the females was not homogeneous across the ageclasses; in addition to absolute fecundity, relative fecundity and egg diameter were seen to increase with the size of the specimens

https://bioone.org/journals/Folia-Zoologica/volume-59/issue-2/fozo.v59.i2.a9.2010/Analysis-of-the-biological-features-of-the-goldfish-Carassius-auratus/10.25225/fozo.v59.i2.a9.2010.pdf

Analysis of the biological features of the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy) with a view to drawing up plans for population control.

L. Ghetti

Papers

Native and exotic fish species in the tiber river watershed (umbria - italy) and their relationship to the longitudinal gradient

Growth and reproduction of the goldfish Carassius auratus: a case study from Italy

Assessing the impact of non-native freshwater fishes on native species using relative weight

Assessing the impact of non-native freshwater fishes on native species using relative weight Évaluation de l'impact des poissons d'eau douce non indigènes sur les espèces indigènes utilisant le poids relatif

Analysis of the biological features of the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus in Lake Trasimeno (Umbria, Italy) with a view to drawing up plans for population control.