Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel–diesel fuel blends

Simple ionic liquids have long been held to be designer solvents, based upon the ability to independently vary their cations and anions. The formation of mixtures of ionic liquids increases this synthetic flexibility. We review the available literature of these ionic liquid mixtures to identify how their properties change and the possibility for their application.

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Mixtures of ionic liquids.

Basic properties of palm oil biodiesel–diesel blends

Predicting the viscosity of biodiesel fuels from their fatty acid ester composition

Alcohols have an interesting potential as blending components for diesel fuels because of their capacity to reduce soot formation. Because they have increasing routes for their production from renewable sources, they could contribute toward increasing the renewable fraction of these fuels and, therefore, toward reducing the impact of diesel transportation on the global warming effect. To increase the knowledge about the implications of the use of short- and long-chain alcohols/diesel fuel blends in diesel engines, the stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) have been tested. Blends of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol with diesel fuel have been analyzed at 1, 2.5, 7.7, 17, 50, 75, and 90% in volume [including 95% (v/v) in the case of CFPP]. Results have shown that short-chain alcohols depict poor blending stability and low viscosity (mainly for concentrations of ethanol and propanol in diesel fuel blends beyond 22 and 45%, respectively). A synergistic effect...

Stability, Lubricity, Viscosity, and Cold-Flow Properties of Alcohol−Diesel Blends

ARRHENIUS1 proposed the following expression for the viscosity of a solution : where ηs is the viscosity of the solution ; N1 and η1 are the mole fraction and the viscosity of component 1 ; N2 and η2 the mole fraction and the viscosity of component 2. However, both positive and negative deviations from this equation are found to occur. From a comparison of vapour pressures and viscosities of solutions, we deduced that in many cases the following equation yields closer agreement with experimental results : where d is a characteristic constant of the system. The accompanying graph shows curves calculated according to equations 1 and 2 (with d = -0·0224) for the system trans-decalin—cis-decalin. The points on the graph represent the experimental results of Bird and Daly2.

Mixture Law for Viscosity

The work described in this paper for rendering marine waters potable was undertaken early in 11/42. Sea water contains approximately 35 grams per litre of total solids, the chief Halts being sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate. This high eon-cent rat ion of salts causes the water to be undrinkable, for the water cannot pass from the solution through the semi-permeable membranes into the bloodstream, where the concentration of sodium chloride is only between 7 to 8 grains per litre.

L. Grunberg

Papers

Mixture Law for Viscosity

Rendering marine waters potable