Knowledge of the incidence of cancer is a fundamental requirement of rational planning and monitoring of cancer control programs. The lack of national-level information systems on health indicators in China means that estimation methods are required. Estimates and projections of national level cancer mortality have been previously made using sample surveys of deaths. Using these mortality data, incidence rates in 2000 and 2005 were estimated by means of the ratio of cancer cases/deaths (by site, age, and sex) in good quality cancer registries in China. A total of 2.1 million cancer cases were estimated for the year 2000 (1.3 million in men, 0.8 million in women), with the most common sites being lung, liver, and stomach in men, and breast, lung, and stomach in women. The total number of new cases is expected to increase by 14.6% by 2005, primarily as a result of population growth and aging. In addition, the rising rates of lung cancer incidence (in both sexes) and breast cancer mean that there will be much greater increases in the number of cases at these two sites (27% for lung cancer in men, 38% for lung and breast cancer in women). These two cancers are now the priorities for cancer prevention, early detection, and therapy in China.

https://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/cebp/14/1/243.full.pdf

Estimates of Cancer Incidence in China for 2000 and Projections for 2005

Liver cancer epidemic in China: past, present and future.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of 19-24 nucleotides in length and involved in gene expression regulation. They are associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. The specific expression profiles of miRNAs have been found in many human cancers, but there are few studies on endometrioid adenocarcinoma. We found the miRNA expression profile in 10 pairs of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and adjacent nontumorous endometrium using human miRNA microarray. Seventeen miRNAs exhibited higher expression and six miRNAs exhibited lower expression in endometrioid adenocarcinoma samples than those in the nontumorous samples in the microarray. Of those, the miR-205, miR-449, and miR-429 were greatly enriched; in contrast the miR-204, miR-99b, and miR-193b were greatly downregulated in adenocarcinoma tissues. The expressions of these six miRNAs were validated using real time reverse transcription-PCR. This information may provide the candidate miRNA genome for further confirming the role of miRNAs in carcinogenesis of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and potentially serving as a diagnostic or therapeutic tool in endometrioid adenocarcinoma.

Expression profile of mammalian microRNAs in endometrioid adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Phytoestrogens are estradiol-like natural compounds found in plants that have been associated with protective effects against chronic diseases, including some cancers, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the dietary intake of phytoestrogens, identify their food sources and their association with lifestyle factors in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Single 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from 36 037 individuals from 10 European countries, aged 35-74 years using a standardized computerized interview programe (EPIC-Soft). An ad hoc food composition database on phytoestrogens (isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, enterolignans and equol) was compiled using data from available databases, in order to obtain and describe phytoestrogen intakes and their food sources across 27 redefined EPIC centres. RESULTS: Mean total phytoestrogen intake was the highest in the UK health-conscious group (24.9 mg/day in men and 21.1 mg/day in women) whereas lowest in Greece (1.3 mg/day) in men and Spain-Granada (1.0 mg/day) in women. Northern European countries had higher intakes than southern countries. The main phytoestrogen contributors were isoflavones in both UK centres and lignans in the other EPIC cohorts. Age, body mass index, educational level, smoking status and physical activity were related to increased intakes of lignans, enterolignans and equol, but not to total phytoestrogen, isoflavone or coumestan intakes. In the UK cohorts, the major food sources of phytoestrogens were soy products. In the other EPIC cohorts the dietary sources were more distributed, among fruits, vegetables, soy products, cereal products, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high variability in the dietary intake of total and phytoestrogen subclasses and their food sources across European regions.

Dietary intakes and food sources of phytoestrogens in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24-hour dietary recall cohort

A population-based cancer registry was established in Qidong, Jiangsu Province, China, in 1972, and the trends in incidence rates of the major cancer sites have been analyzed for a 25-year period, 1978–2002. Five-year age-specific rates, crude incidence rates, world age-standardized rates (ASR), percent change (PC) and annual percent change (APC) were calculated using annual data on population size, and estimates of its age structure. The indices of histological verification of diagnosis, death certificate only and proportion of mortality to incidence were employed for assessing the registration quality. A total of 51,933 incident cases of cancer were registered in Qidong from years 1978 to 2002, with a male-to-female sex ratio of 1.9:1. Crude incidence increased markedly over the 25-year period (PC and APC of +55.6% and +2.1%, respectively), but ASR showed a slight decrease (−0.4% in males, and −0.3% in females), indicating that the major part of this is due to population ageing. The leading cancer sites in rank were liver (average ASR = 50.8 per 100,000), stomach (26.7), lung (22.7), colon-rectum (8.9), oesophagus (7.4) and breast (5.4). Cancers of liver, lung, colon-rectum and female breast all showed increases in incidence during the study period, with APCs (ASR) of +0.1%, +1.7% and +1.4% for males, and +0.2%, +0.9%, +1.9% and +1.1% for females, while the cancers of stomach (APC: −3.2% in male, and −2.4% in female) and cervix (APC: −4.7%) showed notable declines. Examination of age-specific rates showed declining trends in the younger generations for liver cancer, but increases for cervix cancer. The results underline the increasing importance of cancer as a cause of mortality and morbidity in a population that is ageing and undergoing profound changes in socioeconomic development and lifestyle. The cancers of high lethality that have been common in the Chinese population (liver, stomach, oesophagus) are showing some evidence of decline, at least in younger generations, but they remain major problems. At the same time, the cancers associated with economically “developed” societies—lung, colon-rectum and female breast—are showing increases. The population-based cancer registry is an indispensable tool for providing data for planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control in all societies. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijc.21952

Trends in the incidence of cancer in Qidong, China, 1978-2002.

The objective of this study was to determine how many population-based cancer registries exist in China, what methods are being used, and the statistical data that are available from them, and to identify future needs with respect to technical support. A two-stage survey was conducted in 2002 at provincial and cancer registry level. Based on the questionnaire used in these two stages, the basic distribution and descriptive information on population-based cancer registry practices in China are addressed. There are 48 cancer registries in China, covering 73 million people (5.7% of the total population of China in 2000). The oldest three registries are LinZhou, ShangHai and QiDong. There are marked variations in practice between registries, with respect to data collection, data management and coding. Differences are also found in administrative aspects and sources of financial support. In conclusion, this first national survey of Chinese cancer registry practice provides a benchmark against which development and standardization can be evaluated in the future. The survey suggests that lack of qualified personnel, insufficient funding support and lack of stability of the population are major problems in carrying out registration work in China. It also indicates several ways in which registry practice, and hence availability and quality of incidence and survival data can be improved.

Statistics on cancer in China: cancer registration in 2002.

D. Akimova, P. Anb,c, C. Aweb,c, P.S. Barbeaub,c, B. Beckerd, V. Belove,a, I. Bernardid, M.A. Blackstonf, C. Bockg, A. Bolozdynyaa, J. Browningh, B. Cabrera-Palmeri, D. Chernyakg,1,1, E. Conleyb, J. Daughheteef, J. Detwilerj, K. Dingg, M.R. Durandj, Y. Efremenkod,f, S.R. Elliottk, L. Fabrisf, M. Febbrarof, J. Galambosf, A. Gallo Rossol, A. Galindo-Uribarrif,d, M.P. Greenc,f,h, M.R. Heathf, S. Hedgesb,c, D. Hoangm, M. Hughesn, E. Iversonf, T. Johnsonb,c, A. Khromova, A. Konovalova,e, E. Kozlovaa,e, A. Kumpana, L. Lib,c, J.M. Linko, J. Liug, K. Mannh, D.M. Markoffp,c, J. Mastrobertin, M. McIntyreq, P.E. Muellerf, J. Newbyf, D.S. Parnom, S.I. Penttilaf, D. Persheyb, R. Rappm,2, H. Rayq, J. Raybernb, O. Razuvaevaa,e, D. Reynai, G.C. Richc, D. Rimalq, J. Rossp,c, D. Rudika, J. Rungeb,c, D.J. Salvatn, A.M. Salyapongsem, J. Sanderg, K. Scholbergb, A. Shakirova, G. Simakova,e, G. Sinevb,3, W.M. Snown, V. Sosnovstseva, B. Suhn, R. Tayloen, K. Tellez-Giron-Floreso, I. Tolstukhinn,4, S. Trotterf, E. Ujahp,c, J. Vanderwerpn, R.L. Varnerf, C.J. Virtuel, G. Vissern, T. Wongjiradr, Y.-R. Yenm, J. Yoos, C.-H. Yuf, J. Zettlemoyern,5, S. Zhangm,n

L Li

Papers

Statistics on cancer in China: cancer registration in 2002.

A Geant4 simulation of particle production at the Spallation Neutron Source