Evolutionary psychology is one of many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior. Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that the relevant internal mechanisms are adaptations—products of natural selection—that helped our ancestors get around the world, survive and reproduce. To understand the central claims of evolutionary psychology we require an understanding of some key concepts in evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. Philosophers are interested in evolutionary psychology for a number of reasons. For philosophers of science —mostly philosophers of biology—evolutionary psychology provides a critical target. There is a broad consensus among philosophers of science that evolutionary psychology is a deeply flawed enterprise. For philosophers of mind and cognitive science evolutionary psychology has been a source of empirical hypotheses about cognitive architecture and specific components of that architecture. Philosophers of mind are also critical of evolutionary psychology but their criticisms are not as all-encompassing as those presented by philosophers of biology. Evolutionary psychology is also invoked by philosophers interested in moral psychology both as a source of empirical hypotheses and as a critical target.

/pdf/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy-1wqoykisq0.pdf

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Unreality of Time

Philosophy and scientific realism

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/1/5690/235.2.full.pdf

The experience of time.

J. J. C. Smart's "Philosophy and Scientific Realism"

lntroduction: The Implications of the Tensed and Tenseless Theories of Time. Part 1 Time and Tensed Sentences: Introduction - The Old and New Tenseless Theories of Time, Quentin Smith The Need for Tense, D.H. Mellor Problems with the New Tenseless Theory of Time, Quentin Smith A Defence of the New Tenseless Theory of Time, Nathan Oaklander The Truth Conditions of Tensed Sentences, Quentin Smith The New Tenseless Theory of Time - A Reply to Smith, Nathan Oaklander Smart and Mellor's New Tenseless Theory of Time - A Reply to Oaklander, Quentin Smith Temporal Indexicals and the Passage of Time, Michelle Beer The Co-Reporting Theory of Tensed and Tenseless Sentences, Quentin Smith The Date Analysis of Tensed Sentences, Clifford Williams Williams's Defence of the New Tenseless Theory of Time, Quentin Smith Demonstratives, David Kaplan Temporal Indexicals, Quentin Smith. Part 2 McTaggart's Paradox and the Passage of Time: Introduction - McTaggart's Paradox and the Tensed Theory of Time, Nathan Oaklander The Unreality of Tense, D.H. Mellor Mellor and McTaggart's Paradox, Quentin Smith The Infinite Regress of Temporal Attributions, Quentin Smith McTaggart's Paradox and the Infinite Regress of Temporal Attributions - A Reply to Smith, Nathan Oaklander The Logical Structure of the Debate about McTaggart's Paradox, Quentin Smith McTaggart's Paradox Revisited, Nathan Oaklander Temporal Beginning, George Schlesinger McTaggart, Schlesinger, and the Two-Dimensional Time Hypothesis, Nathan Oaklander How to Navigate the River of Time, George Schlesinger A Reply to Schlesinger, Nathan Oaklander Temporal Becoming Minus the Moving Now, David Zeilicovici Zeilicovici on Temporal Becoming, Nathan Oaklander The Stream of Time, George Schlesinger. Part 3 Time and Experience: Introduction - The Problem of our Experience of Time, Nathan Oaklander "Thank Goodness That's Over", D.H. Mellor Mellor's Emeritus Headache, Murray MacBeath MacBeath's Soluble Aspirin, D.H. Mellor "Thank Goodness That's Over" Revisited, B.J. Garrett Not Over Yet - Prior's "Thank Goodness" Argument, D.K. Lewis "Thank Goodness It's Over", Nathan Oaklander Passage and the Presence of Experience, H. Scott Hestevold On the Experience of Tenseless Time, Nathan Oaklander The Phenomenology of A-Time, Quentin Smith The Phenomenology of B-Time, Clifford Williams.

The New Theory of Time

The Ontology of Time

As we ordinarily think and talk about time it is a truism that time passes. Dates, like the events that occur at those dates, are once in the future, then become present, and then recede into the more and more distant past with the passage of time. To think of time as passing, and events as changing with respect to the characteristics of pastness, presentness and futurity, is to conceive of the transient aspect of time or temporal becoming. One central issue in the philosophy of time concerns the metaphysical nature of temporal becoming. Do events exemplify the non-relational properties of pastness, presentness and futurity, as the tensed theory maintains, or are they intrinsically tenseless exemplifying only the unchanging relations of simultaneity, earlier and later, as the tenseless view believes? Although the issue is metaphysical the dispute between the tensed and the tenseless views has, until quite recently, centred around temporal language. Defenders of the tenseless view have often argued that since tensed discourse could be eliminated or translated without loss of meaning into tenseless discourse, an adequate account of the nature of time need not countenance any special kind of tensed fact or tensed properties. In other words, the old tenseless theory of time assumed that a logical analysis of ordinary language that eliminates tensed discourse, supported an ontological analysis of time that rejects transient temporal properties. The tenser shared that assumption, but argued that since no tenseless translations were successful, temporal becoming in some form or another (for example, as the acquiring and shedding of transitory temporal properties, or as the moving NOW), is necessary in any adequate account of time. Tensers claim, in other words, that because tensed discourse is ineliminable, the detenser is mistaken and tensed properties and facts must exist. For a variety of reasons, some having to do with arguments in the philosophy of time and some having to do with arguments in the philosophy of language, recent defenders of the tenseless view have come to embrace the thesis that tensed sentences cannot be translated by tenseless

/pdf/a-defence-of-the-new-tenseless-theory-of-time-kq79w1yvb3.pdf

A Defence of the New Tenseless Theory of Time

There are two different ways in which we ordinarily think and talk about time. On the one hand, we think of events in the world's history as being temporally related. On the other hand, we think of events as passing from the future into the present, and from the present into the past. To think of events in the second way is to conceive of them as temporally becoming. Philosophers have wondered which, if either, of these two ways of conceiving time is more fundamental. Although most of the recent books in the philosophy of time have been attempts to defend the becoming view, the aim of this work is to present systematic defense of Russellian theory of time according to which time consists solely of temporal relations between and among temporal objects. For courses in metaphysics, philosophy of time, and philosophical analysis.

Temporal Relations and Temporal Becoming: A Defense of a Russellian Theory of Time

This is the first introduction to metaphysics which is tied together by the idea of time. Time, Change and Freedom explores ideas such as whether there was a beginning of time and the possibility of an infinite past and an eternal future. It looks at what happens when things change, and what affect that has on us and our personal identity. The book also asks if we can be free and what is the relationship of human freedom to various theories of divine foreknowledge and determinism? The final part of the book brings students right up to date with theories of relativity and contemporary cosmology about time and the universe. Sections in Time, Change and Freedom cover: The Problem of Change God, Time and Freedom Relational and Substantival Theories of Time Tenseless Time Written in an engaging dialogue form, this book will explain the key themes of contemporary metaphysics, and at the same time the philosophy of time, to the beginner. It will be invaluable for all students on introductory philosophy courses, and for students interested in the philosophy of time and metaphysics.

L. Nathan Oaklander

Papers

The New Theory of Time

The Ontology of Time

A Defence of the New Tenseless Theory of Time

Temporal Relations and Temporal Becoming: A Defense of a Russellian Theory of Time

Time, Change and Freedom : An Introduction to Metaphysics