Although research has established the disproportionate health burdens among incarcerated persons, the literature has yet to identify a theoretical framework for outlining the harms of incarceration associated with pandemics. We advance the literature theoretically by arguing two points. First, we assert that incarceration is a potent structural driver of health inequalities that must be considered as a fundamental social cause of disease. To underscore this point, we review how incarceration meets each of the four fundamental social cause criteria originally proposed by Link and Phelan. Second, given that incarceration is a fundamental social cause of disease, both currently and formerly incarcerated populations are likely to face heightened vulnerabilities to pandemics, including COVID-19, further exacerbating health disparities among incarceration-exposed groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of British Journal of Criminology is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Incarceration as a Fundamental Social Cause of Health Inequalities: Jails, Prisons and Vulnerability to COVID-19

The culture-centered approach (CCA) foregrounds the organizing role of communities at the "margins of the margins" of the globe as the spaces for identifying the structural challenges to health and wellbeing and for co-creating community-anchored solutions to these challenges. Pandemics such as COVID19 render visible the deep-rooted inequalities across and within societies, seeded and catalysed by over three decades of variegated neoliberal reforms (Dutta, 2016). The trajectories of COVID19 outbreaks as well as the effects of COVID19-related policies render visible the inequalities that are written into the neoliberal organizing of political economy. Community participation is scripted into the neoliberal framework as an instrument for depoliticizing community and utilizing it as a channel for disseminating top-down indivdiual behavior change messages. Drawing on the examples of community organizing in Kerala where the Communist Party of India (Marxist) has actively co-created an infrastructure for socialist organizing, and iwi-led Maori checkpoints in Aotearoa New Zealand, we delineate the features of transformative community organizing. Community organizing in the CCA is political, foregrounding community sovereignty as the basis for resisting neoliberal health structures. Community struggles for communication equality thus point to alternative forms of organizing health and wellbeing that challenge and seek to dismantle neoliberal governmentality.

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Culture-Centered Processes of Community Organizing in COVID-19 Response: Notes From Kerala and Aotearoa New Zealand

The WHO's analysis of gender equity in the health workforce of 104 countries has recorded that 70% of the global health workforce is women, while only 25% of them have the opportunity to be decision-makers in COVID-19 leadership. This large percentage has targeted women to be the majority group to get an infection exacerbated by fatigue and mental stress both in the workplace and family. The situation is worsened in Global South due to the low score of the global health system and a high gender gap that leads to inequality. Some important arguments reinforced why women's leadership during the crisis is matters and should be considered. This research will compare several case studies between Global North and Global South countries led by women and men as decision-makers in the COVID-19 pandemic case and in the end, these case studies would challenge women leadership in Global South. The success of the leadership parameter will be assessed from the total number of COVID-19 cases and total deaths from January 17 th until October 21 st, 2020. The findings found that the underrepresentation of women as decision-makers and policies in COVID-19 leadership led to the length of pandemic management and an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in the Global South. In further explanation, the research identified several significant factors that explain why women leadership could be more successful to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic in Global South.

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Challenging Underrepresentation of Women Leadership in Global South during COVID-19

The year 2020 will be remembered for the catastrophic Covid-19 pandemic that swept across the world, leaving in its path an epic level of lives lost and economic despair that has rarely been seen in this century. During this International disaster, Taiwan, New Zealand, Germany, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Denmark, countries all helmed by women, stood out on the global stage for having dealt with the ravages of the global pandemic most effectively. Is this pairing of female leadership and successful shielding from the pandemic’s potential destruction sheer coincidence or rather a testimony to the innate leadership qualities possessed by women, unveiled during times of crisis? Spanning Scandinavia to the Asia-Pacific region, these female leaders, including the Health Minister of the State of Kerala, India, KK Shailaja and Jung Eun-Kyeong, Director of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), South Korea emerged from the pandemic as “heroines” because they took swift, decisive action to fight the disease. They courageously led their countries to “go hard, go early”, as stated by Jacinda Arden, Prime Minister of New Zealand. They carried out costly interventions at considerable personal political risk by instituting aggressive, large scale national testing and contact tracing programs. Practicing the “lives before livelihood” mantra, and unapologetically prioritizing the health, safety, and well-being of their citizens over their plunging economies, they demonstrated tender yet pragmatic compassion associated with maternal survival instincts. Women led countries suffered only one sixth of the death toll when compared to countries governed by men. The former is also more likely to rapidly recover from an economic recession. In the business world, the practice of recruiting women into leadership roles during periods of extreme stress and high risk of failure, is known as the “glass cliff”. It has been predicted that even after attaining leadership roles, they continue to face gender biases resulting in heightened scrutiny and criticism. They are also treated differently from their male counterparts in these roles and face unprecedented challenges in attaining and sustaining leadership positions. Implied in this phenomenon is the transient need for these leadership styles and finite benefits applicable only in moments of crisis. The successful outcomes of this type of governance suggest that elevating women to leadership positions during “normal” times would have tremendous impact. When appraising why female leaders were so effective during this crisis, they collectively demonstrated some prominent traits. Recognizing the necessity for accountability, these women demonstrated strength, adaptability, perseverance, grit, empathy, passion and tenacity. Together they were thoughtful, intentional, consultative, inclusive and deliberate in their leadership styles. The most essential element for women leading health care systems is the drive for equity, challenging status BRIEF REPORT

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Redesigning the Landscape for Women and Leadership: Insights Gained from the Covid-19 Pandemic. On Behalf of Women in Gastroenterology Network Asia Pacific (WIGNAP) and Women in Endoscopy (WIE)

Women’s underrepresentation in political leadership has been a constant global challenge during recent decades. Although women’s leadership and its impact on organizational and country performance have been systematically explored, new research avenues are opened through the emergence of various crises. Crises constitute instances in which the intersection of leadership and communication is shaped and enforced, and how female leaders tackled and managed crises has been found to be different from that of their male counterparts in various instances. This study aims to examine the crisis communication approach taken by Jacinda Ardern during the 2020 global public health crisis generated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Female leaders were found to enforce a more effective and persuasive communication approach during the crisis, but Jacinda Ardern’s crisis management approach has been grounded in a feminist ethics of care since her response to the Christchurch mosque shootings in 2019. This article aims to emphasize the importance of communication in reframing leadership, by analyzing Jacinda Ardern’s Facebook communication from the beginning of the Covid-19 crisis. By examining how her messaging is embedded in values and attitudes specific to the ethics of care, we contribute to theorizing ways in which crisis communication is grounded in feminist ethics.

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Reframing Leadership: Jacinda Ardern’s Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic

New Zealand’s success at containing the coronavirus, despite a potential reemergence in August, is viewed by the World Health Organization as a model for handling a pandemic. This same success also...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15564886.2020.1830212

Laura J. Murray

Papers

“We Must Go Hard and We Must Go Early”: How New Zealand Halted Coronavirus in the Community and Corrections