Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one.

Origins and Virulence Mechanisms of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

The LeishVet group has formed recommendations designed primarily to help the veterinary clinician in the management of canine leishmaniosis. The complexity of this zoonotic infection and the wide range of its clinical manifestations, from inapparent infection to severe disease, make the management of canine leishmaniosis challenging. The recommendations were constructed by combining a comprehensive review of evidence-based studies, extensive clinical experience and critical consensus opinion discussions. The guidelines presented here in a short version with graphical topic displays suggest standardized and rational approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, control and prevention of canine leishmaniosis. A staging system that divides the disease into four stages is aimed at assisting the clinician in determining the appropriate therapy, forecasting prognosis, and implementing follow-up steps required for the management of the leishmaniosis patient.

/pdf/leishvet-guidelines-for-the-practical-management-of-canine-1mmmswt7yb.pdf

LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis

http://cdmalaboratorio.com.br/link/cfd3e86518d586ae1c32d4e53a65464d13d42d3c.pdf

Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum is an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, opossums Didelphis spp., domestic cat Felis cattus, black rat Rattus rattus and humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.

/pdf/transmission-reservoir-hosts-and-control-of-zoonotic-46rkt0zk44.pdf

Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, includes three antigenic variants, types 2a, 2b and 2c. CPV-2c has been detected initially in Italy and subsequently in Vietnam. We report the first identification of this novel antigenic variant in Spain, where it caused an outbreak of fatal enteritis in basset hound pups in association with canine coronavirus type I and type II. We suggest that this new antigenic variant of CPV-2 could spread throughout Europe and that there is a subsequent need to update current CPV vaccines.

/pdf/first-detection-of-canine-parvovirus-type-2c-in-pups-with-2qwiczn9ae.pdf

First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain.

Comparison of different tissue sampling for PCR-based diagnosis and follow-up of canine visceral leishmaniosis

Leishmania DNA load and cytokine expression levels in asymptomatic naturally infected dogs.

Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Equine Piroplasmosis

A real-time PCR assay was exploited for monitoring the Leishmania DNA load in different tissues from 18 naturally-infected dogs before and after treatment with a combination of meglumine antimoniate (100 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg/day, orally) for 30 days. After the combined therapy, allopurinol was continued at the same dose until the end of the observation period. Whole blood samples, lymph node aspirates, and skin biopsies were collected at the time of diagnosis, 1 month after starting therapy, and every 3 months for 2 years. In six dogs parasite load assessments continued every 6 months for a further 3 years. At each assessment, the dogs were examined for signs of disease and a clinical score was recorded. At diagnosis, the highest Leishmania DNA load was detected in lymph node aspirates. From 1–6 months post-therapy a general improvement in clinical conditions was recorded in all dogs, which correlated with a decrease in the parasite DNA load in all tested tissues, even though it was less pronounced in lymph node aspirates. In the period from 9–24 months post-therapy, a re-increase in parasite load was observed in the tissues of some dogs, concomitant with a disease relapse. The results show that the combined therapy with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol promoted a clinical improvement which was accompanied by a reduction in the parasitic load in the blood, skin and lymph nodes but, even after long period of allopurinol administration alone, Leishmania may persist in dog tissues.

Laura Manna

Papers

First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with haemorrhagic enteritis in Spain.

Comparison of different tissue sampling for PCR-based diagnosis and follow-up of canine visceral leishmaniosis

Leishmania DNA load and cytokine expression levels in asymptomatic naturally infected dogs.

Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Equine Piroplasmosis

Real-time PCR assay in Leishmania-infected dogs treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol.