The Transmission Control Protocol.

Low-power wide area networking technology offers long-range communication, which enables new types of services. Several solutions exist; LoRaWAN is arguably the most adopted. It promises ubiquitous connectivity in outdoor IoT applications, while keeping network structures and management simple. This technology has received a lot of attention in recent months from network operators and solution providers. However, the technology has limitations that need to be clearly understood to avoid inflated expectations and disillusionment. This article provides an impartial and fair overview of the capabilities and limitations of LoRaWAN. We discuss those in the context of use cases, and list open research and development questions.

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Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN

Towards a taxonomy of intrusion-detection systems

Intrusion-detection systems aim at detecting attacks against computer systems and networks, or in general against information systems Indeed, it is difficult to provide provably secure information systems and to maintain them in such a secure state during their lifetime and utilization Sometimes, legacy or operational constraints do not even allow the definition of a fully secure information system Therefore, intrusion- detection systems have the task of monitoring the usage of such systems to detect apparition of insecure states They detect attempts and active misuse, either by legitimate users of the information systems or by external parties, to abuse their privileges or exploit security vulnerabilities In a previous paper [Computer networks 31, 805–822 (1999)], we introduced a taxonomy of intrusion- detection systems that highlights the various aspects of this area This paper extends the taxonomy beyond real- time intrusion detection to include additional aspects of security monitoring, such as vulnerability assessment

A revised taxonomy for intrusion-detection systems

LoRaWAN is one of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that have received significant attention by the research community in the recent years. It offers low-power, low-data rate communication over a wide range of covered area. In the past years, the number of publications regarding LoRa and LoRaWAN has grown tremendously. This paper provides an overview of research work that has been published from 2015 to September 2018 and that is accessible via Google Scholar and IEEE Explore databases. First, a detailed description of the technology is given, including existing security and reliability mechanisms. This literature overview is structured by categorizing papers according to the following topics: (i) physical layer aspects; (ii) network layer aspects; (iii) possible improvements; and (iv) extensions to the standard. Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is presented along with the challenges that LoRa and LoRaWAN still face.

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8586331/file/8586357.pdf

A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application

Up to recently, two main approaches were used for connecting the “things” in the growing Internet of Things (IoT) — one based on multi-hop mesh networks, using short-range technologies and unlicensed spectrum, and the other based on long-range cellular network technologies using corresponding licensed frequency bands. New type of connectivity used in Low-Power Wide Area networks (LPWAN), challenges these approaches by using low-rate long-range transmission technologies in unlicensed sub-GHz frequency bands. In this paper, we do performance testing on one such star-topology network, based on Semtech's LoRa™ technology, and deployed in the city of Rennes — LoRa FABIAN. In order to check the quality of service (QoS) that this network can provide, generally and in given conditions, we conducted a set of performance measurements. We performed our tests by generating and then observing the traffic between IoT nodes and LoRa IoT stations using our LoRa FABIAN protocol stack. With our experimental setup, we were able to generate traffic very similar to the one that can be used by real application such as sensor monitoring. This let us extract basic performance metrics, such as packet error rate (PER), but also metrics related specifically to the LoRa physical layer, such as the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), within various conditions. Our findings provide insight about the performance of LoRa networks, but also about evaluation methods for these type of networks. We gathered measurement data that we make freely available together with the tools we used.

https://hal-imt.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01331966/document

Measurements, performance and analysis of LoRa FABIAN, a real-world implementation of LPWAN

The future Internet networks are expected to use IPv6 version rather than the IPv4 one. This is mainly due to the limitations of IPv4 in terms of addresses, routing and security QoS issues developed by the Internet community are also tailored for both versions and will be easily deployed in both sides. Since a huge amount of sub-networks are already installed for the v4 version, it is difficult to imagine ISPs starting deploying the v6 version without some assurance that old legacy networks will still be able to connect to the Internet. In this paper we present some mechanisms that have been proposed to ease this transition especially for v4 users that still want to communicate with their old applications. We present also an IPv6 tunneling mechanism that has some advantages over the other models. We show how one could use such a mechanism to transparently establish hybrid communications between two worlds in both ways and discuss some important issues like scalability and performance.

Methods for IPv4-IPv6 transition

http://www-public.tem-tsp.eu/~garcia_a/web/papers/preprint-jss2011.pdf

Dynamic deployment of context-aware access control policies for constrained security devices

Today's electricity grid must undergo substantial changes in order to keep pace with the rising demand for energy. The vision of the smart grid aims to increase the efficiency and reliability of today's electricity grid, e.g. by integrating renewable energies and distributed micro-generations. The backbone of this effort is the facilitation of information and communication technologies to allow two-way communication and an automated control of devices. The underlying communication topology is essential for the smart grid and is what enables the smart grid to be smart. Analyzing, simulating, designing, and comparing smart grid infrastructures but also optimizing routing algorithms, and predicating impacts of failures, all of this relies on deep knowledge of a smart grids communication topology. However, since smart grids are still in a research and test phase, it is very difficult to get access to real-world topology data. In this paper we provide a comprehensive analysis of the power-line communication topology of a real-world smart grid, the one currently deployed and tested in Luxembourg. Building on the results of this analysis we implement a generator to automatically create random but realistic smart grid communication topologies. These can be used by researchers and industrial professionals to analyze, simulate, design, compare, and improve smart grid infrastructures.

/pdf/generating-realistic-smart-grid-communication-topologies-3idca1mzfd.pdf

Generating realistic Smart Grid communication topologies based on real-data

The successful deployment of a security policy is closely related not only to the complexity of the security requirements but also to the capabilities/functionalities of the security devices. The complexity of the security requirements is additionally increased when contextual constraints are taken into account. Such situations appear when addressing the dynamism of some security requirements or when searching a finer granularity for the security rules. The context denotes those specific conditions in which the security requirements are to be met. (Re)deploying a contextual security policy depends on the security device functionalities: either (1) the devices include all functionalities necessary to deal with a context and the policy is consequently deployed for ensuring its automatic changes or (2) the devices do not have the right functionalities to entirely interpret a contextual requirement. We present a solution to cope with this issue: the (re)deployment of access control policies in a system that lacks the necessary functionalities to deal with contexts.

Laurent Toutain

Papers

Measurements, performance and analysis of LoRa FABIAN, a real-world implementation of LPWAN

Methods for IPv4-IPv6 transition

Dynamic deployment of context-aware access control policies for constrained security devices

Generating realistic Smart Grid communication topologies based on real-data

Semantic context aware security policy deployment