Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector.

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201705.0090/v1/download

A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

Review of wearable thermoelectric energy harvesting: From body temperature to electronic systems

The world population depends highly on fossil fuels, particularly for transportation and power generation. This dependency leads to oil price increases because of the depletion of fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels also increases greenhouse gas emissions that are greatly responsible for global warming. Thus, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered one of the premium solutions in the land transportation system because they can significantly reduce the dependency on crude oil and minimize transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions along with other pollutants. This study presents an extensive review of the three key areas of EV research, namely, EV charging technologies, the various impacts of EVs, and optimal EV charging station (CS) placement and sizing. Several technical publications related to EV charging technologies are highlighted, and the performance comparison of different EV technologies is discussed. A review of literature on these key areas reveals an increasing interest in these topics in the last decade, with the impacts of EV on the electric power system and the optimal placement and sizing of CS issues widely investigated. By providing an overview of these areas, this study demonstrates the current issues and challenges of widespread deployment of EVs in the market as well as the future research direction in this field. A total of 185 publications are arranged and appended for quick referencing.

A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles

The impending environmental issues and growing concerns for global energy crises are driving the need for new opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly higher demand for cleaner and sustainable energy systems. This necessitates the development of transportation and power generation systems. The electrification of the transportation system is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment, and challenging issues in the implementation of Electric vehicles (EVs) infrastructural and charging systems in conjunction with several international standards and charging codes. It further analyzes EVs impacts and prospects in society. A complete assessment of charging systems for EVs with battery charging techniques is explained. Moreover, the beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs are categorized and thoroughly reviewed. Remedial measures for harmful impacts are presented and benefits obtained therefrom are highlighted. Bidirectional charging offers the fundamental feature of vehicle to grid technology. In this paper, the current challenging issues due to the massive deployment of EVs, and upcoming research trends are also presented. It is envisioned that the researchers interested in such areas can find this paper valuable and an informative one-stop source.

A Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical Challenges, Impacts and Prospects for Electric Vehicles

The Rogowski coil is an old device for current measurement. It has been modified and improved over a century and is still being studied for new applications. The Rogowski coil has various advantages over conventional magnetic current transformers (CTs). Not only can it be used instead of CT, but also it has various utilizations in other fields. This paper provides a brief review on different aspects of the Rogowski coil and its advancement procedure, during last decades. In this paper, the history of the coil is brifely reviewed and its bases and applications are discussed. The Rogowski coil is analyzed from different points of view, including different integration techniques in the output stage, models for the Rogowski coil, experimental methods for parameter measurement in models, and method for determining the damping resistor. Finally, a brief review over different applications of the coil ends this paper.

The Rogowski Coil Principles and Applications: A Review

Every year, more and more solar power plants are connected to the grid, producing electricity in an environmentally sustainable manner. The increasing number of photovoltaic (PV) installations and their integration into the low voltage (LV) distribution network (DN) is having an impact in terms of power quality (PQ). For example, the voltage in the DN can sustain high distortion values. The impact of a PV installation on the LV network is analysed in this research. The field measurements were carried out over a 3-week period at a solar power plant with a total output power of 160 kW in an Estonian rural municipality. The measurement results provide the opportunity to look more closely at the effect of the solar power plant on the supply voltage of the LV DN. Parameters such as voltage variation within a one-minute period, the asymmetry of the voltages and the total harmonic distortion of the voltages are discussed here.

Case study of non-linear PV inverter devices attached to the LV distribution network

In this paper, one technical gap related to the indirect model predictive control (MPC) is discussed. This technical gap corresponds to the performance of such a controller to deal with distorted grid voltages and a significant computation delay through the feedback regulation loop. A basic case study involving a traditional 3-level h-bridge and a first-order output filter was considered in order to magnify the effect of time horizon prediction and voltage over the regulated grid current waveform. A comparison related to the covered MPC controller (in two different forms) and a classical discrete-time proportional-integral (PI) controller is performed by means of the achieved total harmonic distortion (THD) values. Simulation results from a model built on PSIM/Powersim are presented and discussed. It can be concluded that the MPC controller offers a wider operating range with stable conditions and lower measured values of THD from regulated grid current. And such kind of special feature becomes even more evident if a significant computation delay at the feedback control loop must be overtaken.

A Comparison of a Discrete-Time PI and an Indirect MPC Current Controllers for a Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Operating with Distorted Grid and Significant Computation Feedback Delay

This paper presents the effect of installation cables on the current harmonics emission due to nonlinear loads. Climate change and volatile fuel prices are persuading policy-making institutions to move in the direction of energy efficiency practices. The energy-efficient models of household appliances contain power electronic circuits and, thus, a source of current harmonics. In order to estimate the influence of current harmonics on the distribution network, an accurate assessment of power quality is required when the non-linear sources are connected to the distribution grid. However, accurate assessment is a challenging task because of the involvement of various uncertainties. This paper focuses on the influence of installation cables on the current harmonics connected with the nonlinear devices.

Impact of Cable Impedance on the Harmonic Emission of LED Lamps

Modeling modern nonlinear loads with varying current poses a significant challenge. While the traditional numeric models provide an adequate representation of stable loads, if a device or a group of devices operate at different modes with varying harmonic currents, a statistical approach is necessary to represent the extent and the shape of the variation. This paper provides an overview of probabilistic modeling methods for harmonic currents and presents a novel method for empirical nonparametric harmonic current modeling.

Probabilistic bivariate modeling of harmonic current

The paper is focused on harmonic currents and voltages in low-voltage (LV) networks of Estonia. Measurement results throughout a longer period are described for estimating harmonic distortion levels, harmonic spectrum and related problems. The impact of power factor correction capacitors upon harmonic distortion in industrial LV networks is discussed. Measurement and simulation results of harmonics under resonance conditions in industrial networks are presented.

Lauri Kutt

Papers

Case study of non-linear PV inverter devices attached to the LV distribution network

A Comparison of a Discrete-Time PI and an Indirect MPC Current Controllers for a Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Operating with Distorted Grid and Significant Computation Feedback Delay

Impact of Cable Impedance on the Harmonic Emission of LED Lamps

Probabilistic bivariate modeling of harmonic current

Harmonic Currents and Voltages in LV Networks of Estonia : Measurement Results, Case Studies