Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector.

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201705.0090/v1/download

A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

Review of wearable thermoelectric energy harvesting: From body temperature to electronic systems

The world population depends highly on fossil fuels, particularly for transportation and power generation. This dependency leads to oil price increases because of the depletion of fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels also increases greenhouse gas emissions that are greatly responsible for global warming. Thus, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered one of the premium solutions in the land transportation system because they can significantly reduce the dependency on crude oil and minimize transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions along with other pollutants. This study presents an extensive review of the three key areas of EV research, namely, EV charging technologies, the various impacts of EVs, and optimal EV charging station (CS) placement and sizing. Several technical publications related to EV charging technologies are highlighted, and the performance comparison of different EV technologies is discussed. A review of literature on these key areas reveals an increasing interest in these topics in the last decade, with the impacts of EV on the electric power system and the optimal placement and sizing of CS issues widely investigated. By providing an overview of these areas, this study demonstrates the current issues and challenges of widespread deployment of EVs in the market as well as the future research direction in this field. A total of 185 publications are arranged and appended for quick referencing.

A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles

The impending environmental issues and growing concerns for global energy crises are driving the need for new opportunities and technologies that can meet significantly higher demand for cleaner and sustainable energy systems. This necessitates the development of transportation and power generation systems. The electrification of the transportation system is a promising approach to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment, and challenging issues in the implementation of Electric vehicles (EVs) infrastructural and charging systems in conjunction with several international standards and charging codes. It further analyzes EVs impacts and prospects in society. A complete assessment of charging systems for EVs with battery charging techniques is explained. Moreover, the beneficial and harmful impacts of EVs are categorized and thoroughly reviewed. Remedial measures for harmful impacts are presented and benefits obtained therefrom are highlighted. Bidirectional charging offers the fundamental feature of vehicle to grid technology. In this paper, the current challenging issues due to the massive deployment of EVs, and upcoming research trends are also presented. It is envisioned that the researchers interested in such areas can find this paper valuable and an informative one-stop source.

A Comprehensive Study of Implemented International Standards, Technical Challenges, Impacts and Prospects for Electric Vehicles

The Rogowski coil is an old device for current measurement. It has been modified and improved over a century and is still being studied for new applications. The Rogowski coil has various advantages over conventional magnetic current transformers (CTs). Not only can it be used instead of CT, but also it has various utilizations in other fields. This paper provides a brief review on different aspects of the Rogowski coil and its advancement procedure, during last decades. In this paper, the history of the coil is brifely reviewed and its bases and applications are discussed. The Rogowski coil is analyzed from different points of view, including different integration techniques in the output stage, models for the Rogowski coil, experimental methods for parameter measurement in models, and method for determining the damping resistor. Finally, a brief review over different applications of the coil ends this paper.

The Rogowski Coil Principles and Applications: A Review

Harmonic load currents in distribution networks are to be closely observed, in particular, when connecting high number of non-linear loads and/or other sources to the grid. In order to accurately assess and estimate their impact on the network, it is essential to determine how the harmonic currents behave when various loads are connected to the point of common coupling (PCC). This paper presents an overview and variance of the harmonic currents of LED lamps and the harmonic current summation uncertainty when calculating resulting currents when estimating resulting harmonic currents.

Analysis of Harmonic Current Stability and Summation of LED Lamps

The EV penetration in the low voltage residential grids is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years. It is expected that EV consumers will prefer overnight home charging because of its convenience and lack of charging infrastructure. The EV battery chargers are nonlinear loads and likely to increase the current harmonic emission in the distribution network. The imminent increase of EV load requires upgrading or managing the existing power system to support the additional charging load. This paper provides the estimation of the current harmonic emission of the EV charging load at different voltage distortions using the stochastic EV load model. The impact of EV charging on the distribution transformer is also presented.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8551/pdf

Estimation of Harmonic Emission of Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Low Voltage Residential Network

This paper is focused on active power consumption and losses in industrial and commercial facilities, depending upon supply voltage quality parameters. The shunt capacitors for power factor correction affect directly supply voltage level and harmonic distortions of supply voltage and current and hence affect power losses in industrial facilities, particularly in induction motors. In the paper practical measurement methods are described for estimating power losses when power factor correction capacitors are used. The impact of capacitors upon supply voltage level and harmonic distortions is discussed. Measurement results of voltage and current harmonics spectrum in industrial 0,4 kV power systems are shown.

Analyses of supply voltage quality, power consumption and losses affected by shunt capacitors for power factor correction

This paper is focused on the effects of active and reactive power consumption and losses depending on voltage level variations around the normal (rated) voltage level. Supply voltage variations from rated voltage affect both power consumption and losses in the network. Focus is put on load response to the voltage change, while motor-type and mixed residential load is observed. Relations between voltage variation and load power consumption are suggested. Comparisons based on literature as well as classical theory and on-site measurements are presented.

Analysis of power consumption and losses in relation to supply voltage levels

This paper presents the variation in current harmonics injected by the LED lamps and their effect on harmonic estimation in the low-voltage network. Lighting consumes a significant portion of total electricity consumption in residential, commercial and industrial sectors. The energy-efficient lights, for example, light-emitting diode lamps, are reducing this share significantly over the last few years. These nonlinear LED lamps are the source of current harmonics and reduce the power quality in the low-voltage grid. The estimation of the magnitude by which they affect the power quality is essential for network operators. However, the thermal stability of the lamps is a prime consideration for the accurate assessment of the power quality. This paper investigates the effect of thermal stability on current harmonics injected by LED lamps.

Lauri Kutt

Papers

Analysis of Harmonic Current Stability and Summation of LED Lamps

Estimation of Harmonic Emission of Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Low Voltage Residential Network

Analyses of supply voltage quality, power consumption and losses affected by shunt capacitors for power factor correction

Analysis of power consumption and losses in relation to supply voltage levels

Time-dependent variations in current harmonic emission by LED lamps in the low-voltage network