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Physiological Plant Ecology Ecophysiology And Stress Physiology Of Functional Groups

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/227210/1/European_vineyards.pdf

Vegetation management intensity and landscape diversity alter plant species richness, functional traits and community composition across European vineyards

Harnessing the beneficial potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria may be an alternative strategy to improve plant tolerance to drought stress. The effect of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense either alone or in combination on the plant growth and drought tolerance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] was investigated in this study in greenhouse conditions. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 4 factorial: three irrigation regimes [100% of pot capacity—PC (well-watered control), 50% of PC (moderate stress) and 25% of PC (severe stress)] and four inoculation treatments [control (non-inoculated), inoculation with B. japonicum, inoculation with A. brasilense, and co-inoculation with B. japonicum and A. brasilense]. Leaf relative water content, cell membrane stability, root nodulation, plant growth, and morphophysiological indexes were recorded. The inoculation of soybean plants with B. japonicum and A.brasilense either alone or in combination improved leaf membrane stability under drought stress conditions when compared to non-inoculated plants; however, this lower damage to cell membranes was not sufficient to maintain the leaf water content of the plant under drought stress. Plants co-inoculated with B. japonicum and A.brasilense improved the root nodulation under severe drought conditions. Inoculation of B. japonicum and A. brasilense either alone or in combination reduced the pod abortion rate under moderate drought stress, but had no effect under severe drought stress. In summary, the co-inoculation of A. brasilense and B. japonicum alleviate adverse effects limited by drought stress to the growth of soybeans.Author: Please check and confirm that the authors [Elijanara Raissa Silva, Carlos Eduardo Silva Oliveira, Alan Mario Zuffo, Eduardo Pradi Vendruscolo] and their initials have been correctly identified and amend if necessary.The authors were correctly identified.

Can co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum alleviate adverse effects of drought stress on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill.)?

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixed contaminated soil supported by phytostabilisation, organic and inorganic soil additives.

The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is discussed as an alternative energy crop for biogas production in Germany due to its ecological benefits over continuously grown maize. Moreover, a certain drought tolerance is assumed because of its intensive root growth and the dew water collection by the leaf cups, formed by fused leaf pairs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration (ET), water-use efficiency (WUE) and the relevance of the leaf cups for the cup plant's water balance in a 2-year field experiment. Parallel investigations were conducted for the two reference crops maize (high WUE) and lucerne-grass (deep and intensive rooting) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Root system performance was assessed by measuring water depletion at various soil depths. Transpiration-use efficiency (TUE) was estimated using a model approach. Averaged over the 2 years, drought-related above-ground dry matter reduction was higher for the cup plant (33 %) than for the maize (18 %) and lucerne-grass (14 %). The WUE of the cup plant (33 kg ha−1 mm−1) was significantly lower than for maize (50 kg ha−1 mm−1). The cup plant had a lower water uptake capacity than lucerne-grass. Cup plant dry matter yields as high as those of maize will only be attainable at sites that are well supplied with water, be it through a large soil water reserve, groundwater connection, high rainfall or supplemental irrigation.

Drought Tolerance and Water-Use Efficiency of Biogas Crops: A Comparison of Cup Plant, Maize and Lucerne-Grass

The pioneer tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a drought-resistant tree and, in symbiosis with Rhizobium, able to fix dinitrogen from the atmosphere. It is, therefore, an interesting species for marginal lands where soil amelioration is sought in addition to economic gain. However, the interaction between soil water availability, carbon allocation and nitrogen fixation is important for a successful establishment of trees on marginal lands and has not yet been investigated for black locust. Twoyear-old trees were grown under various soil water conditions and drought cycles. The stable isotopic composition of C (δ 13C) and N (δ 15N) of the leaves was used to identify i) the effective drought condition of the treatments and ii) the portion N accrued from the atmosphere by the biological nitrogen fixation. Drought-stressed plants significantly reduced their total aboveground biomass production, which was linearly linked to tree transpiration. The shoot:root ratio values changed from 2.2 for the drought-stressed to 4.3 for the well-watered plants. Our investigation shows that drought stress increases the nodule biomass of black locust in order to maintain biological nitrogen fixation and to counteract the lower soil nitrogen availability. The biological nitrogen fixation of drought-stressed trees could be maintained at relatively higher values compared to the well-watered trees. The average leaf nitrogen content varied between 2.8% and 3.0% and was not influenced by the drought stress. Carbon fixation, carbon allocation, and biological nitrogen fixation are to some extent balanced at low irrigation and allow Robinia to cope with long-term water constraints. The combination of black locust’s ecophysiological and morphological plasticity make it interesting as a biomass source for bioenergy and timber production, even in nutrient-limited and drought-affected areas of Europe.

/pdf/carbon-allocation-nodulation-and-biological-nitrogen-10bgnhvrtr.pdf

Carbon allocation, nodulation, and biological nitrogen fixation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) under soil water limitation

Glyphosate herbicides play a prominent role internationally in weed management due to their broad spectrum effectiveness. There are concerns that a high reliance on glyphosate herbicides will negatively affect biodiversity over time. In Europe, where cropping systems are carried out without glyphosate resistant crops (GMO), glyphosate herbicides are applied between cropping seasons either in combination with or in place of plowing. We explored the effects of mouldboard plowing, chisel plowing, and glyphosate herbicide application (in a dose reflecting 100% of the manufacturer’s recommendation and a dose reflecting 50%) on weed species number, density, true diversity and community composition. The field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years in a randomized plot design on a naturally occuring weed community without a crop. A total of 83 species and 4 genus were identified over the three years of surveying. By applying a Multinomial Species Classification to the dataset, it was determined that root and rhizome propagating species as well as annual agricultural weeds with no pronounced seasonality in their germination were rarer on glyphosate treated plots than on tillaged plots. Promoted by glyphosate application were in particular grassland legumes and hemicryptophytes. Partial Redundancy Analyses (pRDA) showed that the species communities evolved over the years with dependency on the type of treatment and timing of the treatments. The overall average number of species was 19.7/m2 and the true diversity was 8.3/m2. The average density was 295 plants/m2. In all of the treatments, a factorial ANOVA demonstrated that species numbers and true diversity sank in all three of the years of the experiment over the course of the vegetation period whereas the density tended to rise. The reality of weed management is that any method employed will influence the weed composition in some way. Our experiment demonstrated that some species will be favored over others depending on the weed management method, but the overall biodiversity of the weed community was not more negatively affected by one method compared to another.

Effects of management by glyphosate or tillage on the weed vegetation in a field experiment

Soil water availability, nutrient supply and climatic conditions are key factors for plant production. For a sustainable integration of bioenergy plants into agricultural systems, detailed studies on their water uses and growth performances are needed. The new bioenergy plant Igniscum Candy is a cultivar of the Sakhalin Knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), which is characterized by a high annual biomass production. For the determination of transpiration-yield relations at the whole plant level we used wicked lysimeters at multiple irrigation levels associated with the soil water availability (25, 35, 70, 100%) and nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha–1). Leaf transpiration and net photosynthesis were determined with a portable minicuvette system. The maximum mean transpiration rate was 10.6 mmol m–2 s–1 for well-watered plants, while the mean net photosynthesis was 9.1 μmol m–2 s–1. The cumulative transpiration of the plants during the growing seasons varied between 49 l (drought stressed) and 141 l (well-watered) per plant. The calculated transpiration coefficient for Fallopia over all of the treatments applied was 485.6 l kg–1. The transpiration-yield relation of Igniscum is comparable to rye and barley. Its growth performance making Fallopia a potentially good second generation bioenergy crop.

https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/johh-2014-0028

Transpiration and biomass production of the bioenergy crop Giant Knotweed Igniscum under various supplies of water and nutrients

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization on the growth performance of the novel bioenergy crop Fallopia sachalliensis cv. ‘Igniscum Candy’ (Polygonaceae). In a controlled pot experiment various nitrogen (0, 50, 150, 300 kg N ha-1) and phosphate (20, 40, 80 kg P ha-1) fertilizer amounts were applied to measure the effect on the biomass, height, leaf area and nitrogen and phosphate use efficiency. Furthermore, ecophysiological processes (chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange) were measured with non-destructive methods. The application of nitrogen correlated positively with biomass production, while phosphate fertilization did not show a significant effect on plant growth or ecophysiological parameters. The leaf nitrogen contents were significantly correlated with the nitrogen applications, while the leaf phosphate contents did not show a correlation with the P fertilizations, but increased with the leaf nitrogen contents. A significant linear correlation between the measured SPAD values and chlorophyll contents as well as with the leaf nitrogen contents could be determined. Under the influence of the nitrogen fertilization, net photosynthesis increased from 3.7 to 6.6 μmol m-2 s-1. The results of this experiment demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization has an overall positive correlation with leaf nutrient content, photosynthesis, and overall growth of the bioenergy crop Fallopia sachalinensis var. Igniscum Candy.

/pdf/effects-of-nitrogen-and-phosphate-fertilization-on-leaf-3q3gpius8m.pdf

Effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization on leaf nutrient content, photosynthesis, and growth of the novel bioenergy crop Fallopia sachalinensis cv. 'Igniscum Candy'.

Laurie Anne Koning

Papers

Carbon allocation, nodulation, and biological nitrogen fixation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) under soil water limitation

Effects of management by glyphosate or tillage on the weed vegetation in a field experiment

Transpiration and biomass production of the bioenergy crop Giant Knotweed Igniscum under various supplies of water and nutrients

Effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization on leaf nutrient content, photosynthesis, and growth of the novel bioenergy crop Fallopia sachalinensis cv. 'Igniscum Candy'.

The Giant Knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis var. Igniscum) as a new plant resource for biomass production for bioenergy