Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

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Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

▶ Addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic and energy topics ▶ A forum to review, analyze and stimulate the development, testing and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national and global scales ▶ Contributes to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated ▶ 94% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

Global assessment of shipping emissions in 2015 on a high spatial and temporal resolution

Large Eddy Simulation of the Tip-leakage Cavitating flow with an insight on how cavitation influences vorticity and turbulence

A model is developed to calculate and spatially allocate ship engine exhaust emissions in ports and extensive coastal waters using terrestrial Automatic Identification System data for ship movements and operating modes. The model is applied to the Australian region. The large geographical extent and number of included ports and vessels, and anomalies in the AIS data are challenging. Particular attention is paid to filtering of the movement data to remove anomalies and assign correct operating modes. Data gaps are filled by interpolation and extrapolation. Emissions and fuel consumption are calculated for each individual vessel at frequent intervals and categorised by ship type, ship size, operating mode and machinery type. Comparisons of calculated port emissions with conventional inventories and ship visit data are favourable. Estimations of ship emissions from regions within a 300?km radius of major capital cities suggest that a non-negligible percentage of air pollutants may come from ships. Model for estimating regional and in-port ship engine exhaust emissions.Ship movement data from Automatic Identification System.Movement data filtered for anomalies, interpolated and extrapolated.Emissions data categorised and spatially allocated.Comparisons with emissions from non-ship sources.

Modelling of ship engine exhaust emissions in ports and extensive coastal waters based on terrestrial AIS data - An Australian case study

Analysis of diesel spray dynamics using a compressible Eulerian/VOF/LES model and microscopic shadowgraphy

A simplified model is presented for vaporization and combustion of heavy residual
based fuel oil in high-pressure sprays, in the context of marine diesel engines. The fuel is
considered as a mix of residual base and cutter stock. The model accounts for multiple fuel components
as well as limited diffusion rates and thermal decomposition rates within droplets by
the use of straight-line relationships for the saturation pressure of combustible fuel vapour at
the droplet surface as functions of droplet temperature. The energy required for decomposition
of heavy molecules is accounted for. Combustion is modelled using a timescale that is the
sum of a kinetic timescale based on a single-step reaction and a turbulent timescale based on
turbulent mixing rates. The ignition timescale is based on a simple three-equation model.
Cellwise ignition is employed. The heavy fuel oil model is applied to two different constant
volume chambers that are used to test ignition and combustion quality of marine heavy fuel
oil, using the computational fluid dynamics code StarCD version 3.2. Good agreement is shown
between trends in measured and computed data including ignition delay, burn rate and spatial
distribution of spray and flame parameters. The model is tested for two representative fuels,
one with good ignition and combustion properties and one poor. Essentially only two parameters
need to be changed to set the fuel quality. These are the ignition delay factor and the
activation energy for the high-temperature kinetics. Further tuning of the model to specific
fuels is possible by modifying the saturation temperature relationships.

Laurie Goldsworthy

Papers

Modelling of ship engine exhaust emissions in ports and extensive coastal waters based on terrestrial AIS data - An Australian case study

Analysis of diesel spray dynamics using a compressible Eulerian/VOF/LES model and microscopic shadowgraphy

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Residual Fuel Oil Combustion in the Context of Marine Diesel Engines

Development of a compressible multiphase cavitation approach for diesel spray modelling

Numerical and experimental investigation of early stage diesel sprays