Piperaceae plants consist of about 3600 species, of which about 2000 are Piper plants. Their habitat is distributed across pantropical regions. The representative plant is Piper nigrum, known as black pepper. These plants have been widely used in folk medicine in Korean traditional medicine. This review collected papers identifying and separating the amides obtained from these Piper plants, with a focus on Piper amides potential to control the production and growth of fungal strains that cause plant disease and their insecticidal properties against agricultural pests. Piper amide benefits include antiaflatoxigenic activities, antiparasitic activities, anticancer properties, antiplatelet activities, and anti-inflammatory activities, among other therapeutic properties for the treatment of human diseases. In addition, this review paper provides a total synthesis study on the mass production of Piper amides and their derivatives, with a formulation study for industrial use. This review paper is designed to help inform future studies on Piper amide applications.

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Naturally occurring Piper plant amides potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical industries: perspectives of piperine and piperlongumine

India boasts rich biodiversity of plants belongs to Piperaceae. These plants are store-house of biologically active alkaloids, generally termed as piperamides. Among piperamides, piperine, piperlongumine and piperlonguminine plays an effective role in pharmaceutical applications. The present study was aimed at developing and validating a simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method to analyze chemo-diversity of these three piperamides in Pipernigrum L., Piper longum L., Piper thomsonii Hook, Piper sarmentosum Roxb. and Piper chaba Trel. & Yunck. The separation was achieved on a RP-C18 column with water (0.1% Acetic acid) and methanol as mobile phase with detection wavelength of 338 nm. The compounds were identified using authentic standards. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. The method was successfully applied in quantification of these piperamides in berries of five different Piper species. Among them, piperlongumine was detected only in P. longum and P. sarmentosum. Piperlonguminine and piperine was higher in P. chaba and P. nigrum. In conclusion, the method developed could be used for chemo-diversity analysis of different Piper spp to select alternate Piper species for pharmacological preparations based on the composition of its bio-active compounds.

Evaluation of chemo-diversity in major Piper species for three piperamides using validated RP-HPLC method

BACKGROUND Piper ovatum (Piperaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammations and as an analgesic. Previous studies have showed important biological activities of the extracts and amides from P. ovatum leaves. OBJECTIVE In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for quantitative determination of the amides in different parts of Piper ovatum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis was carried out on a Metasil ODS column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5μm) at room temperature. HPLC conditions were as follows: acetonitrile (A), and water (B), 1.0% acetic acid. The gradient elution used was 0-30 min, 0-60% A; 30-40 min, 60% A. Flow rate used was 1.0mL/min, and detection at 280nm. RESULTS The validation using piperlonguminine, as the standard, demonstrated that the method shows linearity (linear correlation coefficient = 0.998), precision (relative standard deviation <5%) and accuracy (mean recovery = 103.78%) in the concentration range 31.25 - 500μg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification were 1.21 and 4.03μg/mL, respectively. This method allowed the identification and quantification of piperlonguminine and piperovatine in the hydroethanolic extracts of P. ovatum obtained from the leaves, stems and roots. All the extracts showed the same chromatographic profile. The leaves and roots contained the highest concentrations of piperlonguminine and the stems and leaves showed the most concentrations of piperovatine. CONCLUSION This HPLC method is suitable for routine quantitative analysis of amides in extracts of Piper ovatum and phytopharmaceuticals containing this herb.

Lauro M Kambara

Papers

Analysis of amide compounds in different parts of Piper ovatum Vahl by high-performance liquid chromatographic.