and Fuels Changzhi Li,† Xiaochen Zhao,† Aiqin Wang,† George W. Huber,†,‡ and Tao Zhang*,† †State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States

Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels

Environmental fate and toxicity of ionic liquids: a review.

Lignin, a major component of lignocellulose, is the largest source of aromatic building blocks on the planet and harbors great potential to serve as starting material for the production of biobased products. Despite the initial challenges associated with the robust and irregular structure of lignin, the valorization of this intriguing aromatic biopolymer has come a long way: recently, many creative strategies emerged that deliver defined products via catalytic or biocatalytic depolymerization in good yields. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into these novel approaches and the potential application of such emerging new structures for the synthesis of biobased polymers or pharmacologically active molecules. Existing strategies for functionalization or defunctionalization of lignin-based compounds are also summarized. Following the whole value chain from raw lignocellulose through depolymerization to application whenever possible, specific lignin-based compounds emerge that could be in the fu...

Bright Side of Lignin Depolymerization: Toward New Platform Chemicals

Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art

Ionic liquids are remarkable chemical compounds, which find applications in many areas of modern science. Because of their highly tunable nature and exceptional properties, ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis and catalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, analytics, biotechnology, etc. Apart from physical and chemical features of ionic liquids, their high biological activity has been attracting significant attention from biochemists, ecologists, and medical scientists. This Review is dedicated to biological activities of ionic liquids, with a special emphasis on their potential employment in pharmaceutics and medicine. The accumulated data on the biological activity of ionic liquids, including their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, are discussed in view of possible applications in drug synthesis and drug delivery systems. Dedicated attention is given to a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient-ionic liquid (API-IL) concept, which suggests using traditional drugs in ...

Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine.

Cr–MnOx mixed-oxide catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature

Low-temperature NH 3 -SCR is an environmentally important reaction for the abatement of NO x from stationary sources. In recent years FeMnO x has attracted significant attention as a potential catalyst for this process, however its catalytic activity and SO 2 resistance require further improvement. In this contribution FeMnO x has been modified to examine the effect of ceria on catalytic activity and SO 2 resistance in the low temperature region. Preparation of catalysts via the citric acid method generate modified materials that exhibit enhanced NO turnover compared to FeMnO x . A reduction in NH 3 adsorption (NH 3 -TPD) and a suitable ratio between NO sites (NO-TPD) and chemisorbed surface oxygen (XPS) are beneficial for the promotion of fast-SCR. A comparative SO 2 resistance study of FeMnO x and Ce(12.5) showed that the latter exhibited improved stability in the presence of SO 2 , as indicated by the retention of pore volume (N 2 adsorption) and surface composition (XPS). In-situ DRIFTS demonstrated that chemisorbed N-containing species on Ce(12.5) were much more stable in the presence of SO 2 compared to FeMnO x , which resulted in the formation of significantly less metal sulphates and NH 4 HSO 4 .

Ceria modified FeMnO x -Enhanced performance and sulphur resistance for low-temperature SCR of NOx

Novel Fe–Mn mixed-oxide catalysts were prepared for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen. It was found that Fe(0.4)–MnOx catalyst showed the highest activity, yielding 98.8% NOx conversion and 100% selectivity of N2 at 120 °C at a space velocity of 30 000 h–1. XRD results suggested that a new crystal phase of Fe3Mn3O8 was formed in the Fe–MnOx catalysts. TPR and Raman data showed that there was a strong interaction between the iron oxide and manganese oxide, which is responsible for the formation of the active center―Fe3Mn3O8. Intensive analysis of fresh, used, and regenerated catalysts by XPS revealed that electron transfer between Fen+ and Mnn+ ions in Fe3Mn3O8 may account for the long lifetime of the Fe(0.4)–MnOx catalyst. In addition, the SCR activity was suppressed a little in the presence of SO2 and H2O, but it was reversible after their removal.

Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over Fe–Mn Mixed-Oxide Catalysts Containing Fe3Mn3O8 Phase

Novel Mn–Zr mixed oxide catalysts have been prepared by the citric acid method for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen. They have been characterized by a series of techniques, specifically N2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that an Mn(0.5)–ZrOx-450 (Mn/(Mn + Zr) mole ratio of 0.5) catalyst showed the highest activity, giving 100% NOx conversion at 100 °C with a space velocity of 30 000 h–1. XRD results suggested that an Mn–Zr solid solution was formed in the Mn(0.5)–ZrOx-450 catalyst, with highly dispersed MnOx. TPR data indicated a strong interaction between the zirconium oxide and manganese oxide, which improved the reduction ability of the MnOx. The TPD results indicated that an appropriate NH3 adsorption ability was beneficial for the low-temperature SCR. The catalyst showed a c...

Lefu Wang

Papers

Cr–MnOx mixed-oxide catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature

Ceria modified FeMnO x -Enhanced performance and sulphur resistance for low-temperature SCR of NOx

Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over Fe–Mn Mixed-Oxide Catalysts Containing Fe3Mn3O8 Phase

Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3 over Novel Mn−Zr Mixed Oxide Catalysts

[C4H8SO3Hmim]HSO4 as an efficient catalyst for direct liquefaction of bagasse lignin: Decomposition properties of the inner structural units