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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

This paper addresses target localization problems in both noncooperative and cooperative 3-D wireless sensor networks (WSNs), for both cases of known and unknown sensor transmit power, i.e., $P_{T}$ . We employ a hybrid system that fuses distance and angle measurements, extracted from the received signal strength and angle-of-arrival information, respectively. Based on range and angle measurement models, we derive a novel nonconvex estimator based on the least squares criterion. The derived nonconvex estimator tightly approximates the maximum-likelihood estimator for small noise. We then show that the developed estimator can be transformed into a generalized trust region subproblem framework, by following the squared range approach, for noncooperative WSNs. For cooperative WSNs, we show that the estimator can be transformed into a convex problem by applying appropriate semidefinite programming relaxation techniques. Moreover, we show that the generalization of the proposed estimators for known $P_{T}$ is straightforward to the case where $P_{T}$ is not known. Our simulation results show that the new estimators have excellent performance and are robust to not knowing $P_{T}$ . The new estimators for noncooperative localization significantly outperform the existing estimators, and our estimators for cooperative localization show exceptional performance in all considered settings.

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3-D Target Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks Using RSS and AoA Measurements

This tutorial paper addresses the physical layer security concerns and resiliency of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communications; the de facto air-interface of most modern wireless broadband standards including 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX. The paper starts with a brief introduction to the OFDM waveform and then reviews the robustness of the existing OFDM waveform in the presence of noise, multipath fading, and interference. The paper then moves on to build comprehensive adversarial models against OFDM waveforms. Robustness of OFDM is first investigated under AWGN noise and noise-like jamming attack scenarios, then under uncorrelated yet colored interferences from modulated sources (both intentional and unintentional). Finally, the paper explores some of the more recent developments in the field of energy efficient correlated jamming attacks that can disrupt communication severely by exploiting the knowledge of the target waveform structure. Potential countermeasures against such jamming attacks are presented, in an attempt to make a robust and resilient OFDM waveform.

PHY-Layer Resiliency in OFDM Communications: A Tutorial

The emerging paradigm of the Internet of Everything, along with the increasing demand of Internet services everywhere, results in a remarkable and continuous growth of the global Internet traffic. As a cost-effective Internet access solution, WiFi networks currently generate a major portion of the global Internet traffic. Furthermore, the number of WiFi public hotspots worldwide is expected to increase by more than sevenfold by 2018. To face this huge increase in the number of densely deployed WiFi networks, and the massive amount of data to be supported by these networks in indoor and outdoor environments, it is necessary to improve the current WiFi standard and define specifications for high efficiency wireless local area networks (HEWs). This paper presents potential techniques that can be applied for HEWs, in order to achieve the required performance in dense HEW deployment scenarios, as expected in the near future. The HEW solutions under consideration includes physical layer techniques, medium access control layer strategies, spatial frequency reuse schemes, and power saving mechanisms. To accurately assess a newly proposed HEW scheme, we discuss suitable evaluation methodologies, by defining simulation scenarios that represent future HEW usage models, performance metrics that reflect HEW user experience, traffic models for dominant HEW applications, and channel models for indoor and outdoor HEW deployments. Finally, we highlight open issues for future HEW research and development.

A Survey on High Efficiency Wireless Local Area Networks: Next Generation WiFi

Minimal bounds on the mean square error (MSE) are generally used in order to predict the best achievable performance of an estimator for a given observation model. In this paper, we are interested in the Bayesian bound of the Weiss-Weinstein family. Among this family, we have Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound, the Bobrovsky-MayerWolf-Zakai bound, the Bayesian Bhattacharyya bound, the Bobrovsky-Zakai bound, the Reuven-Messer bound, and the Weiss-Weinstein bound. We present a unification of all these minimal bounds based on a rewriting of the minimum mean square error estimator (MMSEE) and on a constrained optimization problem. With this approach, we obtain a useful theoretical framework to derive new Bayesian bounds. For that purpose, we propose two bounds. First, we propose a generalization of the Bayesian Bhattacharyya bound extending the works of Bobrovsky, Mayer-Wolf, and Zakai. Second, we propose a bound based on the Bayesian Bhattacharyya bound and on the Reuven-Messer bound, representing a generalization of these bounds. The proposed bound is the Bayesian extension of the deterministic Abel bound and is found to be tighter than the Bayesian Bhattacharyya bound, the Reuven-Messer bound, the Bobrovsky-Zakai bound, and the Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound. We propose some closed-form expressions of these bounds for a general Gaussian observation model with parameterized mean. In order to illustrate our results, we present simulation results in the context of a spectral analysis problem.

/pdf/a-fresh-look-at-the-bayesian-bounds-of-the-weiss-weinstein-29jqebnrh7.pdf

A Fresh Look at the Bayesian Bounds of the Weiss-Weinstein Family

In this paper, we propose a new scheme for data- aided time and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems, based on a single-symbol preamble. The preamble, of useful length $2^{m}-2$, is composed of two consecutive identical m-sequences (with length $2^{m-1}-1$ each). This preamble is extended by a cyclic prefix of convenient length. This stucture is adequate for a two-stage synchronization scheme, namely a reduced complexity coarse synchronization stage, followed by a finer synchronization one. The first stage, based on Cox and Schmidl-like sliding correlation, determines a reduced uncertainty interval over which the fine stage is carried. The second stage is indeed based on a differential correlation, which is more complex compared to the first stage. The combined use of m-sequences and differential correlation offers an almost perfect peak of the computed metric at the preamble start. To assess the performance degradation occasioned by the reduction of complexity characterizing the proposed two-stage approach, we also consider the brute force single-stage approach, where differential correlation is exclusively used. As a byproduct of our two-stage approach, the fractional frequency offset is estimated and its performance is assessed and compared for both two- stage and one-stage approaches. The brute force approach outperfoms all the considered benchmarks. Compared to the reduced complexity scheme, the brute force one provides similar performance, at the expense of a significant complexity overload. Only for SNR lower than $-5$ dB, the brute force scheme presents a slight enhancement with respect to the reduced complexity one. The simulation results show that the proposed method gives better performance than any other considered estimator. Although our technique is expected to be well suited to multipath channels, thanks to the underlying properties of m-sequences, in this paper we focus on the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel.

An Efficient Reduced-Complexity Two-Stage Differential Sliding Correlation Approach for OFDM Synchronization in the AWGN Channel

Structured estimation of channel impulse response (CIR) is considered in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems for which the channel exhibits a sparse time-domain response. In particular, fast fading channels encountered in mobile wireless communications are envisaged. Such channels are characterized by time varying frequency selective response. This contribution exploits the much slower variation of propagation time delays, compared to propagation gains, to enhance CIR estimation. To this end, we propose a scheme that disjointly and successively tracks the delay-subspace, by Kalman filtering, then tracks the CIR structure. Contrarily to former subspace based channel response tracking, the channel order is unknown. The channel sparsity in the time-domain is accounted for by incorporating an adaptive CIR support tracking. This adaptive procedure combines the last and current OFDM blocks recovered CIR structures. To fine tune the CIR support, enhanced threshold-based CIR structure detection is applied on the recovered CIR estimate over its detected support. Finally, a structured LS estimation is processed. The proposed scheme outperforms sparsity-unaware Kalman tracking algorithm. It achieves similar performance than the best benchmark which is based on perfect CIR structure knowledge.

Fast Fading Channel Estimation by Kalman Filtering and CIR Support Tracking

The evolution of the Barankin bound and the threshold behaviour occurrence with the number of test points for which the bias is constrained to be null is studied. It is first shown that the Barankin bound is an increasing function of the number of test points used in its computation. This result is further used to characterise the threshold occurrence evolution with the number of test points.

From Chapman-Robbins bound towards Barankin bound in threshold behaviour prediction

In this paper we propose a reduced-complexity two-stage time and frequency synchronization approach for OFDM systems, operating in multipath channels. The proposed approach exploits a single-symbol preamble with a repetitive structure, composed of two identical m-sequences. The first coarse stage, based on a sliding correlation, finds out the reduced uncertainty interval over which the second fine stage, based on a differential correlation, is performed. The combined use of the sliding correlation, characterized by its low complexity, and the differential correlation, which is much more complex, carried for a limited number of times results in an overall reduced complexity approach. For the time synchronization, the performance is evaluated in terms of correct detection rate of the frame start and the estimation variance. For the frequency synchronization, we focus on the fractional part of the frequency offset which is evaluated in terms of mean squared error. The simulation results prove that, compared to the considered benchmarks, the accuracy of the frame start detection and the fractional frequency offset estimation are greatly enhanced, even at very low SNRs. The proposed two-stage reduced-complexity approach is also compared to the single-stage brute-force approach, where differential correlation is exclusively used, to assess the performance degradation occasioned by the complexity reduction.

Leila Najjar Atallah

Papers

An Efficient Reduced-Complexity Two-Stage Differential Sliding Correlation Approach for OFDM Synchronization in the AWGN Channel

Fast Fading Channel Estimation by Kalman Filtering and CIR Support Tracking

From Chapman-Robbins bound towards Barankin bound in threshold behaviour prediction

An efficient reduced-complexity two-stage differential sliding correlation approach for OFDM synchronization in the multipath channel

DOA estimation and association of coherent multipaths by using reference signals