Human bocavirus (HBoV), a newly cloned human virus of the genus Bocavirus, was detected by PCR from nasopharyngeal swab samples (8 of 318; 5.7%) collected from children with lower respiratory tract infections. HBoV may be one of the causative agents of lower respiratory tract infections in young children.

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Detection of Human Bocavirus in Japanese Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a host range variant of a feline virus that acquired the ability to infect dogs through changes in its capsid protein. Canine and feline viruses both use the feline transferrin receptor (TfR) to infect feline cells, and here we show that CPV infects canine cells through its ability to specifically bind the canine TfR. Receptor binding on host cells at 37°C only partially correlated with the host ranges of the viruses, and an intermediate virus strain (CPV type 2) bound to higher levels on cells than did either the feline panleukopenia virus or a later strain of CPV. During the process of adaptation to dogs the later variant strain of CPV gained the ability to more efficiently use the canine TfR for infection and also showed reduced binding to feline and canine cells compared to CPV type 2. Differences on the top and the side of the threefold spike of the capsid surface controlled specific TfR binding and the efficiency of binding to feline and canine cells, and these differences also determined the cell infection properties of the viruses.

The Natural Host Range Shift and Subsequent Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Resulted from Virus-Specific Binding to the Canine Transferrin Receptor

A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 in the feces of dogs.

Background A new human-pathogenic parvovirus, human bocavirus (HBoV), has recently been discovered and associated with respiratory disease in small children. However, many patients have presented with low viral DNA loads, suggesting HBoV persistence and rendering polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis problematic. Moreover, nothing is known of HBoV immunity. We examined HBoV-specific systemic B cell responses and assessed their diagnostic use in young children with respiratory disease. Patients and methods Paired serum samples from 117 children with acute wheezing, previously studied for 16 respiratory viruses, were tested by immunoblot assays using 2 recombinant HBoV capsid antigens: the unique part of virus protein 1 and virus protein 2. Results Virus protein 2 was superior to the unique part of virus protein 1 with respect to immunoreactivity. According to the virus protein 2 assay, 24 (49%) of 49 children who were positive for HBoV according to polymerase chain reaction had immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies, 36 (73%) had IgG antibodies, and 29 (59%) exhibited IgM antibodies and/or an increase in IgG antibody level. Of 22 patients with an increase in antibody levels, 20 (91%) had a high load of HBoV DNA in the nasopharynx, supporting the hypothesis that a high HBoV DNA load indicates acute primary infection, whereas a low load seems to be of less clinical significance. In a subgroup of patients who were previously determined to have acute HBoV infection (defined as a high virus load in the nasopharynx, viremia, and absence of other viral infections), 9 (100%) of 9 patients had serological evidence of primary infection. In the control group of 68 children with wheezing who had polymerase chain reaction results negative for HBoV in the nasopharynx, 9 (13%) had IgM antibodies, including 5 who displayed an increase in IgG antibody levels and were viremic. No cross-reactivity with human parvovirus B19 was detected. Conclusions Respiratory infections due to HBoV are systemic, elicit B cell immune responses, and can be diagnosed serologically. Serological diagnoses correlate with high virus loads in the nasopharynx and with viremia. Serological testing is an accurate tool for disclosing the association of HBoV infection with disease.

/pdf/serodiagnosis-of-human-bocavirus-infection-4j654195xx.pdf

Serodiagnosis of Human Bocavirus Infection

Acute contagious respiratory disease (kennel cough) is commonly described in dogs worldwide. The disease appears to be multifactorial and a number of viral and bacterial pathogens have been reported as potential aetiological agents, including canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus and Bordetella bronchiseptica, as well as mycoplasmas, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, canine herpesvirus and reovirus-1,-2 and -3. Enhancement of pathogenicity by multiple infections can result in more severe clinical forms. In addition, acute respiratory diseases associated with infection by influenza A virus, and group I and II coronaviruses, have been described recently in dogs. Host species shifts and tropism changes are likely responsible for the onset of these new pathogens. The importance of the viral agents in the kennel cough complex is discussed.

/pdf/canine-respiratory-viruses-3br34mv6sp.pdf

Canine respiratory viruses.

An outbreak of dual infection in dogs with canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and canine coronavirus (CCV) infection is reported in an animal shelter that comprised approximately 200 adults stray dogs and 30 puppies. Twenty puppies died 7-8 days after the onset of the clinical signs (severe enteritis, leucopoenia, respiratory distress and dehydration). Both CAV-1 and CCV were isolated from tissue or swab samples. Antibodies to CCV and, at high levels, to CAV-1 also were detected in several puppies. The principal histological findings were atrophy of small intestinal villi, lymphoid depletion, hepatitis and bronchopneumonia. The persistence of CCV in the faeces, observed by the polymerase chain reaction assay, was longer than previously reported. Results demonstrated the serious consequences which may occur with dual infections by CAV-1 and CCV in assembled groups of dogs that are housed in poorly managed kennels with inadequate vaccination programmes.

Severe enteric disease in an animal shelter associated with dual infections by canine adenovirus type 1 and canine coronavirus.

Thirteen cases of a previously undescribed parvoviral infection affecting puppies ranging in age from 5 to 21 days is described. The cases were originally thought to represent an unusual pathologic manifestation of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection. However, failure to confirm CPV-2 infection in any of the cases suggested a different parvovirus was involved. Minute virus of canines (MVC) was subsequently isolated from a case by using the Walter Reed Canine Cell Line, the only cell line which will support the growth of MVC. The pathologic and virologic findings for these 13 cases are described in this report.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/104063879200400105

Fatal Disease in Nursing Puppies Associated with Minute Virus of Canines

Functional consequences of cor triatriatum dexter in dogs is dependent on presence or absence and the size of the opening in the septum between the two compartments.7 The main historical finding in this case and most previously reported cases is prolonged abdominal distention due to ascites, ranging from 6 weeks to 2 years in duration.4–8,11–13 Ascites was not the main clinical feature in 7-year-old German short-haired pointer that presented with exercise intolerance and episodic weakness of over .3 years’ duration12 or in a 6-year-old German shepherd dog cross that presented with a 24-hour history of lethargy.1 Age at diagnosis ranged from 8 weeks to 7 years, and breeds included chow chow,3,4,7 cocker spaniel,8,12 English bulldog,4 German shepherd dog cross,1 German short-haired pointer,12 golden retriever,13 greyhound,4 rottweiler,5,6 and mixed breed.4,11 Another common finding in previous cases is hepatic congestion and/or hepatomegaly.6,7,13 Venous engorgement and distention were noted in the abdominal veins and in the body wall in previous cases.7,11–13 Where ascitic fluid was evaluated, there were high-protein (3.4–5.8 g/dl) modified transudates with specific gravities ranging from 1.015 to 1.028.4,6,7,12,13 Cor triatriatum dexter is an extremely uncommon congenital heart defect in dogs. This is the ninth report of canine cor triatriatum dexter, and it represents a third unique anatomic variant, which is characterized by partitioning of the right atrium by a perforate diaphragm or septum with the coronary sinus and fossa ovalis located in the cranial chamber. Cor triatriatum dexter represents a diagnostic challenge at necropsy, requiring careful examination of the heart. This defect should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young dogs with signs of abdominal distention and ascites.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/104063879901100413

Leland E. Carmichael

Papers

Severe enteric disease in an animal shelter associated with dual infections by canine adenovirus type 1 and canine coronavirus.

Fatal Disease in Nursing Puppies Associated with Minute Virus of Canines

Fatal canine parvovirus type-1 infection in pups from Italy.

Characterization of Brucella canis protein antigens and polypeptide antibody responses of infected dogs