basic research and clinical data in an attempt to derive a cohesive model which explains the behavioral effects of the drug. Johnson is an experimental psychologist, and his work underlies many of the chapters which suggest that lithium decreases the behavioral response to novel external stimuli. He then utilizes this foundation to propose a cognitive model for lithium's anti-manic action, its inhibition of violent impulsivity, and its prophylactic effects in recurrent depression. Previous formulations which were clinically based, such as that of Mabel Blake Cohen and her associates, stressed the primacy of depression and noted the \"manic defense\" as an attempt to ward off intolerable depression. In direct contrast, Johnson views mania as the primary disturbance in bipolar disorder. He considers depression in bipolar disease as an over-zealous homeostatic inhibitory responsf to a maniaassociated cognitive overload. Consistent with this, he believes, lit lum exerts its anti-manic effect by decreasing cognitive processing in a manner analogous to his animal studies. Johnson also suggests that lithium exerts its prophylactic effect in recurrent depressions by treating subclinical mania. These concepts are supported by the work of Johnson's associate, Kukopulos, to whom the book is dedicated. The bulk of the research which describes the cognitive disturbance in mania is complex, however, and uncomfortably open to multiple interpretations. Recognized as a preliminary effort, Johnson's formulation may help to guide further research. Although Johnson clearly traces lithium actions through a broad range of subjects, his discussion of the neurophysiological aspects of this drug is notably spotty. In particular, Johnson ignores the work of Svensson, DeMontigny, Aghajanian, and others who suggest that serotonergic systems may play an important role in the antidepressant actions of lithium. As a result, he fails to discuss one of the most important current uses of lithium: as an agent used in conjunction with antidepressant medications to increase treatment response in medication-resistant forms of depression. Lithium augmentation of antidepressant medication also challenges the formulation presented by Johnson. This formulation suggests that lithium should have no therapeutic value in patients, such as those with endogenous depression, who already \"under-process\" cognitive information. The omission of lithium augmentation in depression is clearly unfortunate in this text. Overall, this volume demonstrates the benefits of a single-authored text. It it clearly organized and readable. The bibliography is also broad and useful. In this book, Johnson primarily addresses a research audience, and his model seems designed to stimulate thought rather than to improve clinical technique. In this capacity, his book will be of most interest to behavioral psychologists. Other books, focusing purely on clinical data, may be more useful to clinicians. Nevertheless, the clear organization, the large bibliography, and the thoughtful presentation may make this text a useful addition to a clinical library as well.

The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World.

As previously discussed, Reyhner and Eder (1989) have divided the history of American Indian educational policy, and indeed Indian policy generally, into six distinct periods or eras, culminating in our current state of Self-Determination. While this seems to be an accurate assessment of the present day, the authors would like to suggest that recent global developments have created considerable impetus for change in Indian Country. The authors believe that Indigenous populations may well be on the cusp of a new day in Indian policy in America, if proper consideration is given to this global imperative.

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

This study sought to conduct a review of content validity, which is an important phase of processes of construction and adaptation of measurement instruments. Research of comprehensive literature was conducted by means of a review of national and international databases. Initially, a description of the conceptual basis and the measurement methods used in content validity was made, with emphasis on its application in the healthcare area. It was seen that controversy exists in the literature on the terminology and concept of content validity. The recommended procedures used to check content validity during the construction and adaptation processes of instruments were described, especially the judges' assessment, which can involve qualitative and quantitative procedures. The number, selection and qualification of these judges were also described. The different methods used to quantify the level of agreement among the experts were verified, mainly the Content Validity Index (CVI). This study described aspects of the content validity process, one of the procedures to be considered by healthcare researchers and professionals who are interested in using reliable and appropriate measurements and instruments scales for given population groups.

https://www.scielosp.org/pdf/csc/2011.v16n7/3061-3068/pt

Validade de conteúdo nos processos de construção e adaptação de instrumentos de medidas

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.

/pdf/medicine-rationality-and-experience-an-anthropological-jqdxht1k2e.pdf

Medicine, rationality, and experience: an anthropological perspective.

O cuidado das condições crônicas na atenção primária à saúde: o imperativo da consolidação da estratégia da saúde da família

This article analyzes the identity-building process for community-based health workers in the context of their role in the Health Family Program team and their interaction with the residents of communities where they work. Based on this analysis we specifically emphasize conflicts of interpretation, power relationships between both sides of identity-building for community-based health workers from three perspectives: that included in the official training of these workers, that produced by workers concerning themselves, and that transmitted by the community. The fact that community-based health workers live the reality of health practices in the neighborhoods where they live and work and are trained with biomedical references makes them actors that convey both the contradictions and the possibility for a deep dialogue between these two forms of knowledge and practice.

/pdf/o-agente-comunitario-de-saude-construcao-da-identidade-desse-1vzgnm59e9.pdf

O agente comunitário de saúde: construção da identidade desse personagem híbrido e polifônico

The present article develops a critical analysis of the scientific output on user satisfaction in health services, focusing specifically on theoretical and conceptual aspects. The article discusses the understanding of satisfaction as a concept and its theoretical references and determinants and application of the concept to the field of services. A total of 56 articles were analyzed, published mainly in periodicals indexed in MEDLINE and Web of Science from 1970 to 2005. The concepts identified in this literature review come mainly from marketing and social psychology, emphasizing the theory of attitude, fulfillment of expectations or needs, and equity. There is a loss of analytical usefulness in the concept of satisfaction insofar as it is extended to various dimensions of health services.

/pdf/avaliacao-de-satisfacao-de-usuarios-consideracoes-teorico-243990urqv.pdf

Avaliação de satisfação de usuários: considerações teórico-conceituais

Nas duas ultimas decadas, constata-se um incremento significativo da utilizacao de grupos focais como instrumento de coleta de dados em pesquisas no campo da Saude Coletiva no Brasil. Seja ocupando a funcao de tecnica principal, ou como estrategia complementar de tipo qualitativa, sua adocao atende invariavelmente ao objetivo de apreender percepcoes, opinioes e sentimentos frente a um tema determinado num ambiente de interacao. A regularidade quanto a finalidade no emprego do grupo focal contrasta com a variacao observada no tocante aos requisitos e procedimentos praticos referidos. Este artigo apresenta conceitos, finalidades e procedimentos relativos a tecnica de grupos focais e problematiza sua operacionalizacao pratica na pesquisa, particularmente no campo da saude. Com base neste objetivo, o trabalho integra uma revisao da literatura sobre grupo focal com uma reflexao derivada de experiencias de utilizacao da tecnica em estudos de avaliacao em saude, conduzidos ou orientados pela autora.

/pdf/grupos-focais-conceitos-procedimentos-e-reflexoes-baseadas-3iw5f8mw1s.pdf

Grupos focais: conceitos, procedimentos e reflexões baseadas em experiências com o uso da técnica em pesquisas de saúde

Este estudo e uma revisao de literatura com sintese qualitativa dos estudos voltados para a analise metodologica das avaliacoes de satisfacao de usuarios com servicos de saude. Foram analisados 54 artigos publicados principalmente em revistas indexadas pelo Medline e Web of Science no periodo de 1970 a 2005. Sao discutidos os metodos de abordagem das pesquisas, as tecnicas e instrumentos e a operacionalizacao do conceito de satisfacao. Sao apresentados, ainda, os diferentes tipos de vieses das pesquisas e alternativas para sua superacao. Observa-se que os metodos e tecnicas variam em um largo escopo, havendo pouco consenso entre os pesquisadores. O metodo mais utilizado e de natureza quantitativa, com predominio de questionarios e escalas. Os metodos qualitativos sao valorizados como aqueles capazes de trabalhar os dados subjetivos da satisfacao. Critica-se bastante a falta de padronizacao dos instrumentos, o que compromete a comparacao dos achados. Reflete-se sobre a pertinencia do desenvolvimento de um referencial proprio de pesquisa de satisfacao para o Brasil.

/pdf/avaliacao-de-satisfacao-de-usuarios-4qjxv3njfv.pdf

Avaliação de satisfação de usuários

O presente estudo consiste em uma avaliacao qualitativa de satisfacao de usuarios em areas cobertas pelo Programa de Saude da Familia/PSF, situadas em cinco municipios da Bahia. Foram consideradas nesta avaliacao as seguintes dimensoes: cognitiva, relacional, organizacional e profissional; vistas tambem sob o ponto de vista das equipes de saude da familia. Tendo em vista as criticas apontadas pela literatura quanto as limitacoes metodologicas em estudos que avaliam a satisfacao de usuarios, notadamente vieses ligados a desejabilidade social ou a reducao do processo subjetivo de avaliacao a respostas do tipo sim/nao em questionarios fechados, privilegiamos neste caso estrategias metodologicas de cunho etnografico. A partir da tecnica de grupos focais, os usuarios expressaram sua percepcao sobre o programa e os servicos oferecidos pelas equipes, ao tempo que revelavam suas necessidades e expectativas de satisfacao das mesmas.

/pdf/estudo-etnografico-da-satisfacao-do-usuario-do-programa-de-30wmdybqai.pdf

Leny Alves Bomfim Trad

Papers

O agente comunitário de saúde: construção da identidade desse personagem híbrido e polifônico

Avaliação de satisfação de usuários: considerações teórico-conceituais

Grupos focais: conceitos, procedimentos e reflexões baseadas em experiências com o uso da técnica em pesquisas de saúde

Avaliação de satisfação de usuários

Estudo etnográfico da satisfação do usuário do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) na Bahia