[신간안내] Computational Electrodynamics (the finite difference time - domain method)

An international seminar was held June 4-6, 1997, on the biological effects and related health hazards of ambient or environmental static and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (0-300 Hz). It was cosponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the German, Japanese, and Swiss governments. Speakers provided overviews of the scientific literature that were discussed by participants of the meeting. Subsequently, expert working groups formulated this report, which evaluates possible health effects from exposure to static and ELF electric and magnetic fields and identifies gaps in knowledge requiring more research to improve health risk assessments. The working groups concluded that, although health hazards exist from exposure to ELF fields at high field strengths, the literature does not establish that health hazards are associated with exposure to low-level fields, including environmental levels. Similarly, exposure to static electric fields at levels currently found in the living and working environment or acute exposure to static magnetic fields at flux densities below 2 T, were not found to have demonstrated adverse health consequences. However, reports of biological effects from low-level ELF-field exposure and chronic exposure to static magnetic fields were identified that need replication and further study for WHO to assess any possible health consequences. Ambient static electric fields have not been reported to cause any direct adverse health effects, and so no further research in this area was deemed necessary.

Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: health effects and research needs.

Load modeling has significant impact on power system studies. This paper presents a review on load modeling and identification techniques. Load models can be classified into two broad categories: 1) static and 2) dynamic models, while there are two types of approaches to identify model parameters: 1) measurement-based and 2) component-based. Load modeling has received more attention in recent years because of the renewable integration, demand-side management, and smart metering devices. However, the commonly used load models are outdated, and cannot represent emerging loads. There is a need to systematically review existing load modeling techniques and suggest future research directions to meet the increasing interests from industry and academia. In this paper, we provide a thorough survey on the academic research progress and industry practices, and highlight existing issues and new trends in load modeling.

Load Modeling—A Review

Energy storage systems (ESSs) play a very important role in recent years. Flywheel is one of the oldest storage energy devices and it has several benefits. Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) can be applied from very small micro-satellites to huge power networks. A comprehensive review of FESS for hybrid vehicle, railway, wind power system, hybrid power generation system, power network, marine, space and other applications are presented in this paper. There are three main devices in FESS, including machine, bearing, and Power Electronic Interface (PEI). Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages all of them have been presented. In addition a brief review of new and conventional power electronic converters used in FESS, have been discussed. Finally, practical ways to develop this technology in the future are presented.

A comprehensive review of Flywheel Energy Storage System technology

The vertical and horizontal forces and associated stiffnesses on a permanent magnet (PM) above a high-temperature superconductor (HTS) were measured during vertical and horizontal traverses in zero-field cooling (ZFC) and in field cooling (FC). In ZFC, the vertical stiffness was greater in the first descent than in the first ascent and second descent, and the stiffness in the second descent was between those of the first descent and the first ascent. At the FC position, the vertical stiffness was two times greater than the lateral stiffness at each height, to within 1% of the vertical stiffness value. The cross stiffness of vertical force with respect to lateral position was positive for FC, but negative for ZFC. Free-spin-down experiments of a PM levitated above a HTS were also performed. These results showed that the coefficient of friction is double valued at frequencies just below the rotor resonance, a result attributed to cross stiffness in the PM/HTS interaction. A frozen-image model was used to ca...

Vertical and lateral forces between a permanent magnet and a high-temperature superconductor

This paper presents the experimental determination of the ZIP coefficients model to represent (static) modern loads under varying voltage conditions. ZIP are the coefficients of a load model comprised of constant impedance $Z$ , constant current $I$ , and constant power $P$ loads. A ZIP coefficient load model is used to represent power consumed by a load as a function of voltage. A series of surveys was performed on typical residential, commercial, and industrial customers in New York City. Household appliances and industrial equipment found in the different locations were tested in the laboratory by varying the voltage from 1.1-p.u. voltage to 0 and back to 1.1 pu in steps of 3 V to obtain the individual $P$ – $V$ , $Q$ – $V$ , and $I $ – $V$ characteristics. Customer load tables were built using seasonal factors and duty cycles to form weighted contributions for each device in every customer class. The loads found in several residential classes were assembled and tested in the lab. It was found that modern appliances behave quite differently than older appliances even from only 10 years back. Models of the different customer classes were validated against actual recordings of load variations under voltage reduction.

Experimental Determination of the ZIP Coefficients for Modern Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Loads

The purpose of this paper is to determine the mutual inductance between two noncoaxial circular coils. In many cases, such as coil guns or tubular linear motors, one of them is fixed while the other one is moving, and if not supported, its axis may not coincide with that of the fixed coil. This paper presents a method for the calculation of the mutual inductance in the case of noncoaxial coupled coils, the characteristics of this inductance, and experimental results. The computation is based on complete elliptic integrals and on the mesh-matrix technique. The method enables one to obtain accurate results from a relatively simple procedure and calculation program.

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Mutual inductance of noncoaxial circular coils with constant current density

The authors consider the design of capacitively driven, multisection, electromagnetic coil launchers, or coil guns, taking their transient behavior into account. A lumped-parameter computer simulation is developed to predict the performance of the launcher system. It is shown that a traveling electromagnetic wave can be generated on the barrel by the resonance of drive coils and their capacitors. More than half of the energy initially stored in the capacitor bank can be converted into kinetic energy of the projectile in one shot, and an additional quarter can be utilized in subsequent shots, if the launcher dimensions, resonant frequency, and firing sequence are properly selected. The projectile starts smoothly from zero initial velocity and with zero initial sleeve current. Section-to-section transitions which have significant effects on the launcher performance are also discussed. Experimental results were obtained with a small model and are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. >

Concerning the design of capacitively driven induction coil guns

A method which is based on a cylindrical current sheet model for the analysis and design of induction-type coilguns is presented. The work starts with a derivation of closed-form formulae which relate the dimensions of the gun to the performance expressed in terms of propulsive and local maximum forces on the projectile, power factor and efficiency of the system, thermal stress of the projectile armature, distributions of the flux density around the launcher, and the system parameters in a multisection coilgun. A numerical example is given. >

Analysis of induction-type coilgun performance based on cylindrical current sheet model

A methodology for the reduction of the residual flux in network transformers is proposed in this paper. The purpose is the mitigation of large inrush currents taken by numerous transformers when a long feeder is energized. Time-domain simulations are used to prove that a small-power device can substantially reduce the residual flux of all transformers simultaneously. The device consists of a low-voltage dc source, a suitable power-electronic switching unit, and a simple controller. Before a feeder is re-energized, the residual flux is reduced to a minimum and, as a consequence, the large inrush currents are reduced to an acceptable level. This greatly enhances the probability for the feeder to be successfully energized when otherwise a false trip would have occurred. Inrush current reductions of more than 60% are obtained at the head of the feeder.

Leo Birenbaum

Papers

Experimental Determination of the ZIP Coefficients for Modern Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Loads

Mutual inductance of noncoaxial circular coils with constant current density

Concerning the design of capacitively driven induction coil guns

Analysis of induction-type coilgun performance based on cylindrical current sheet model

Mitigation of Inrush Currents in Network Transformers by Reducing the Residual Flux With an Ultra-Low-Frequency Power Source