1. Type 1 diabetes (due to b-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) 2. Type 2 diabetes (due to a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance) 3. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that is not clearly overt diabetes) 4. Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g., monogenic diabetes syndromes (such as neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young [MODY]), diseases of the exocrine pancreas (such as cystic fibrosis), and drugor chemical-induced diabetes (such as in the treatment of HIV/AIDS or after organ transplantation)

Classification and diagnosis of diabetes

Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

A Lancet Commission on 70 years of women's reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in China.

Projections of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in 2019 and beyond: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become an epidemic and has caused a tremendous healthy and economic burden in China, especially after the “two-child policy” put into effect on October 2015. The prevalence of GDM has continued to increase during the past few decades and is likely to see a further rise in the future. The public health impact of GDM is becoming more apparent in China and it might lead to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in the long-term for both mothers and their children. Early identification of high-risk individuals could help to take preventive and intervention measures to reduce the risk of GDM and adverse perinatal outcomes. Therefore, a focus on prevention and intervention of GDM in China is of great importance. Lifestyle interventions, including dietary and physical exercise intervention, are effective and first-line preventive strategies for GDM prevention and intervention. The GDM One-day Care Clinic established in 2011, which educates GDM patients on the basic knowledge of GDM, dietary intervention, physical exercise, weight management, and blood glucose self-monitoring methods, sets a good model for group management of GDM and has been implemented throughout the hospitals as well as maternal and child health centers in China. The current review focus on the prevalence, risk factors, as well as prevention and lifestyle intervention of GDM in China for better understanding of the latest epidemiology of GDM in China and help to improve maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes and promote long-term health for women with GDM.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/24/9517/pdf

Prevalence, Prevention, and Lifestyle Intervention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in China.

Aims/introduction Pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of GDM in mainland China according to International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Materials and methods We carried out a systematic review by searching both English and Chinese literature databases. Random effects models were used to summarize the prevalence of GDM in mainland China. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were carried out to address heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test. Results A total of 25 papers were included in the meta-analysis, involving 79,064 Chinese participants. The total incidence of GDM in mainland China was 14.8% (95% confidence interval 12.8-16.7%). Subgroup analysis showed that the age, bodyweight and family history of diabetes mellitus could significantly increase the incidence of GDM. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to estimate the pooled prevalence of GDM among women in mainland China according to International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. The results of our systematic review suggest a high prevalence of GDM in mainland China, indicating that this country might have the largest number of GDM patients worldwide.

/pdf/prevalence-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-in-mainland-45alqekvnc.pdf

Li Lu

Papers

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bacterial, Scfa and Gas Profiles of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum in Vitro Fermentation by Human Fecal Microbiota