The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.

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Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Process evaluation is an essential part of designing and testing complex interventions. New MRC guidance provides a framework for conducting and reporting process evaluation studies

https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/350/bmj.h1258.full.pdf

Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance

Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing

Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya : a randomised controlled trial. Commentary

Theoretically, measures of household wealth can be reflected by income, consumption or expenditure information. However, the collection of accurate income and consumption data requires extensive resources for household surveys. Given the increasingly routine application of principal components analysis (PCA) using asset data in creating socio-economic status (SES) indices, we review how PCA-based indices are constructed, how they can be used, and their validity and limitations. Specifically, issues related to choice of variables, data preparation and problems such as data clustering are addressed. Interpretation of results and methods of classifying households into SES groups are also discussed. PCA has been validated as a method to describe SES differentiation within a population. Issues related to the underlying data will affect PCA and this should be considered when generating and interpreting results.

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Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis.

Government and civil society representatives meet for a Special Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UNGASS) 25 to 27 June 2001 to consider an expanded response to HIV/AIDS. This policy forum estimates that by 2005, that response will require about US$9 billion annually, with half of these resources needed in sub-Saharan Africa. About US$4.8 billion is required for prevention including interventions focusing on youth, workplace programs, mother-to-child transmission and condom distribution. US$4.4 billion is needed for palliative care, treatment and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections, support for orphans, and antiretroviral therapy. One-third to one-half of these resources can come from domestic sources, both public and private, with the remainder needed from international sources.

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Resource Needs for HIV/AIDS

We analyzed the technical basis for a major global program to reduce disease among the poor. Effective interventions exist against the few diseases which most account for excess mortality among the poor. Achieving high coverage of effective interventions requires a well-functioning health system, as well as overcoming a set of financial and nonfinancial constraints. The annual incremental cost would be between $40 billion and $52 billion by 2015 in 83 low-income and sub-Saharan African countries. Such a program is feasible and would avoid millions of child, maternal, and adult deaths annually in poor countries.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/295/5562/2036.full.pdf

Improving the health of the global poor.

Objectives: To estimate the cost effectiveness of on-site antenatal syphilis screening and treatment in
Mwanza, Tanzania. To compare this intervention with other antenatal and child health interventions,
specifically the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT).
Methods: The economic costs of adding the intervention to routine antenatal care were assessed. Cost
effectiveness (CE) ratios of the intervention were obtained for low birth weight (LBW) live births and
stillbirths averted and cost per DALY saved. Cost per DALY saved was also estimated for previous CE
studies of syphilis screening. The CE of the intervention at different syphilis prevalence rates was modelled.
Results: The economic cost of the intervention is $1.44 per woman screened, $20 per woman treated, and
$187 per adverse birth outcome averted. The cost per DALY saved is $110 with LBW as the only adverse
outcome. When including stillbirth, this estimate improves 10-fold to $10.56 per DALY saved. The cost per
DALY saved from all syphilis screening studies ranged from $3.97 to $18.73.
Conclusions: Syphilis screening is shown to be at least as cost effective as PMTCT and more cost effective
than many widely implemented interventions. There is urgent need for scaling up syphilis screening and
treatment in high prevalence areas. The CE of screening interventions is highly dependent on disease
prevalence. In combination, PMTCT and syphilis screening and treatment interventions may achieve
economies of scope and thus improved efficiency.

https://sti.bmj.com/content/sextrans/79/5/375.full.pdf

Is antenatal syphilis screening still cost effective in sub-Saharan Africa

Given the scarcity of cost data for health interventions, there has been substantial use of a relatively small number of existing studies to underpin policy development formulation. Intervention-specific cost and cost-effectiveness data have been used to plan overall budgets, to assess the relative efficiency of different interventions and to consider the resource requirements for programme implementation at both the local and national levels. Cost and cost-effectiveness comparisons have been made between these studies and general sources such as the World Bank's World Development Report 1993. At the same time, information on key health sector variables, such as annual health expenditures, has been systematically compiled for more than two decades. The question of possible inflationary effects is becoming increasingly important as the original data on which these numbers are based ages. For example, cost figures from the mid-1980s require a 60% inflationary adjustment simply to maintain their real value in current dollars. This paper looks at methods to adjust cost data to account for inflation and discusses the difference between real or constant and nominal or current values. These methods are also used to make inflationary adjustments to other types of economic data such as income.

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Lilani Kumaranayake

Papers

Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis.

Resource Needs for HIV/AIDS

Improving the health of the global poor.

Is antenatal syphilis screening still cost effective in sub-Saharan Africa

The real and the nominal? Making inflationary adjustments to cost and other economic data