A survey on position-based routing protocols for Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs)

Owing to the explosive expansion of wireless communication and networking technologies, cost-effective unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have recently emerged and soon they will occupy the major part of our sky. UAVs can be exploited to efficiently accomplish complex missions when cooperatively organized as an ad hoc network, thus creating the well-known flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). The establishment of such networks is not feasible without deploying an efficient networking model allowing a reliable exchange of information between UAVs. FANET inherits common features and characteristics from mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and their sub-classes, such as vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unfortunately, UAVs are often deployed in the sky adopting a mobility model dictated by the nature of missions that they are expected to handle, and therefore, differentiate themselves from any traditional networks. Moreover, several flying constraints and the highly dynamic topology of FANETs make the design of routing protocols a complicated task. In this paper, a comprehensive survey is presented covering the architecture, the constraints, the mobility models, the routing techniques, and the simulation tools dedicated to FANETs. A classification, descriptions, and comparative studies of an important number of existing routing protocols dedicated to FANETs are detailed. Furthermore, the paper depicts future challenge perspectives, helping scientific researchers to discover some themes that have been addressed only ostensibly in the literature and need more investigation. The novelty of this survey is its uniqueness to provide a complete analysis of the major FANET routing protocols and to critically compare them according to different constraints based on crucial parameters, thus better presenting the state of the art of this specific area of research.

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Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: Survey, Constraints, and Future Challenge Perspectives

Intelligent UAV-assisted routing protocol for urban VANETs

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity for diverse applications and services in both the military and civilian domains. For cooperation and collaboration among UAVs, they can be wirelessly interconnected in an ad hoc manner, resulting in a UAV network. UAV networks have unique features and characteristics that are different from mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. The dynamic behavior of rapid mobility and topology changes in UAV networks makes the design of a routing protocol quite challenging. In this paper, we review the routing protocols for UAV networks, in which the topology-based, position-based, hierarchical, deterministic, stochastic, and social-network-based routing protocols are extensively surveyed. The routing protocols are then compared qualitatively in terms of their major features, characteristics, and performance. Open issues and research challenges are also discussed in the perspective of design and implementation.

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Routing Protocols for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks: A Survey

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is attracting considerable interest in academic research, commercial, and military applications. Multi-UAV systems organized in an ad hoc fashion called a flying ad hoc network (FANET) can cooperatively and collaboratively accomplish complex missions more efficiently compared to single large UAV systems. However, the unique features of FANETs such as high mobility, low node density, and high frequency of topology changes introduce challenges to the communication design, especially routing. Thus, the routing requirements of FANETs surpass those of MANETs or VANETs. In this paper, we present UAV classification, communication and application architectures, and an exhaustive survey of the existing routing protocols for flying ad hoc networks. Furthermore, we highlight the key features, strengths and weaknesses, and different mobility models used for the performance evaluation of the existing FANET routing protocols. More importantly, a proposed taxonomy and a review on the existing FANET routing protocols are presented. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges and open research issues.

Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play more and more important roles in modern warfare. However, the data routing for communication among UAVs faces several challenges, such as packet loss or routing path failure etc. The main problem of UAVs data routing is caused by the high mobility of UAVs. In this paper, an effective geographic mobility prediction routing protocol is proposed to improve the performance of routing among UAVs. First, a Gaussian distribution of UAVs movement probability density function is deduced to reduce the impact of high mobility. Then, two-hop perimeter forwarding is proposed to reduce the impact of routing void. The experiment results show that the proposed approach can provide effective and reliable data routing with acceptable communication overhead in the highly dynamic environment of Ad Hoc UAV Network.

A geographic mobility prediction routing protocol for Ad Hoc UAV Network

A new spectrum sensing algorithm-degree of polarization DoP sensing algorithm is proposed in this paper. By exploiting a pair of dual-polarized antenna at the receiver, DoP of the received vector signal is estimated and utilized to detect the presence of primary users based on the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic waves. The dual-polarized narrowband and broadband systems are both considered for DoP detection. In theoretical analysis, we derive the probability of detection, the probability of false and detection threshold of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our algorithm overcomes the noise uncertainty problem. Considering the polarization-sensitive channel impairments, the impact of polarization mode dispersion on DoP detector is discussed. This method can be utilized for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of signal, transmission channel, and noise power. In simulations based on wireless microphone signals, by applying polarization information signal carries, DoP achieves a better detection performance than arithmetic-to-geometric mean detector, the maximum-to-minimum ratio eigenvalue detector, and energy detector with noise uncertainty. The simulations based on digital video broadcasting-terrestrial signals are also presented, which may show the detection performance of the proposed method may be affected by polarization mode dispersion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Degree of polarization detection: a dual-polarized antenna based spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio

A theoretical polarized channel model has been proposed by introducing per path polarization characterization based on geometrical depolarization theory. According to the model, polarization array response vector for narrowband macro-cell environment has been derived through intricate geometrical deduction. Mathematical expressions for polarized channel power imbalance XPD (cross polarization discrimination) and polarization correlation have been developed by using VMF (von Mises-Fisher) distribution which characterizes both azimuth and elevation angle. Numerical integration technique is used to analyze the effect of scatterers' angular characteristics including average azimuth angle, average elevation angle and angular spread on XPD and polarization correlation due to the complexity of geometrical deduction. Our analytical results agree well with previous published XPD and polarization correlation measurements and can be used to predict further XPD and polarization correlation characteristics. Analytical results indicate that both XPD and polarization correlation are highly angle-sensitive.

Theoretical polarized channel model and analysis of XPD and polarization correlation under narrowband macrocell environment

In this paper, a new spectrum sensing algorithm-variance of polarization distance (VoPD) sensing algorithm is proposed based on the frequency-dependent polarization characteristics of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. With a pair of dual-polarized antenna (DPA) deployed in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) system, the orthogonal polarization components of the received signal are obtained, and VoPD is estimated to detect the presence of licensed users. Since VoPD is a frequency-domain detection algorithm, it leverages the relatively stable frequency-dependent polarization feature of the received OFDM signal, and is designed to exploit the polarization-sensitive impairment, Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). It is a natural expansion that we further extend the frequency-domain detection statistics to that in time-frequency domain to further improve the detection performance. Finally, theoretical performance analysis and comprehensive simulations based on OFDM modulated DVB-T signals are demonstrated to show the effectiveness of VoPD detector.

A dual-polarized antenna based sensing algorithm for OFDM signals in LTE-Advanced systems

A new spectrum sensing algorithm-degree of polarization (DoP) sensing algorithm is proposed in this paper. By exploiting a pair of dual-polarized antenna at the receiver, DoP of the received vector signal is estimated and utilized to detect the presence of primary users (PU) based on the polarization characteristics of electromagnetic waves. This method requires no prior information of the PU signals and the channels from PUs to the secondary users (SU). Theoretical analysis of detection probability, false alarm probability and threshold of the proposed algorithm is presented in detail. The theoretical analysis also shows that our algorithm overcomes the noise uncertainty problem. Simulations based on wireless microphone signals considering different SU receiver scenarios are provided to certify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the energy detector (ED), the maximum-to-minimum ratio eigenvalue (MME) detector and the arithmetic-to-geometric mean (AGM) detector, by applying polarization information signal carries, DoP achieves a better detection performance than AGM, MME and ED with noise uncertainty.

Lin Lin

Papers

A geographic mobility prediction routing protocol for Ad Hoc UAV Network

Degree of polarization detection: a dual-polarized antenna based spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio

Theoretical polarized channel model and analysis of XPD and polarization correlation under narrowband macrocell environment

A dual-polarized antenna based sensing algorithm for OFDM signals in LTE-Advanced systems

Degree of polarization spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radios