자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Scale developers often provide evidence of content validity by computing a content validity index (CVI), using ratings of item relevance by content experts. We analyzed how nurse researchers have defined and calculated the CVI, and found considerable consistency for item-level CVIs (I-CVIs). However, there are two alternative, but unacknowledged, methods of computing the scale-level index (S-CVI). One method requires universal agreement among experts, but a less conservative method averages the item-level CVIs. Using backward inference with a purposive sample of scale development studies, we found that both methods are being used by nurse researchers, although it was not always possible to infer the calculation method. The two approaches can lead to different values, making it risky to draw conclusions about content validity. Scale developers should indicate which method was used to provide readers with interpretable content validity information.

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The content validity index: Are you sure you know what's being reported? critique and recommendations

Suicidal behavior is a major problem worldwide and, at the same time, has received relatively little empirical attention. This relative lack of empirical attention may be due in part to a relative absence of theory development regarding suicidal behavior. The current article presents the interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior. We propose that the most dangerous form of suicidal desire is caused by the simultaneous presence of two interpersonal constructs—thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (and hopelessness about these states)—and further that the capability to engage in suicidal behavior is separate from the desire to engage in suicidal behavior. According to the theory, the capability for suicidal behavior emerges, via habituation and opponent processes, in response to repeated exposure to physically painful and/or fear-inducing experiences. In the current article, the theory’s hypotheses are more precisely delineated than in previous presentations (Joiner, 2005), with the aim of inviting scientific inquiry and potential falsification of the theory’s hypotheses.

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The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

to physical functioning and quality of life are sufficient for the recommendation that cancer survivors follow the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, with specific exercise programming adaptations based on disease and treatment-related adverse effects. The advice to ‘‘avoid inactivity,’’ even in cancer patients with existing disease or undergoing difficult treatments, is likely helpful.

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American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors.

We describe a protocol for disclosing unfavorable information—“breaking bad news”—to cancer patients about their illness. Straightforward and practical, the protocol meets the requirements defined by published research on this topic. The protocol (SPIKES) consists of six steps. The goal is to enable the clinician to fulfill the four most important objectives of the interview disclosing bad news: gathering information from the patient, transmitting the medical information, providing support to the patient, and eliciting the patient’s collaboration in developing a strategy or treatment plan for the future. Oncologists, oncology trainees, and medical students who have been taught the protocol have reported increased confidence in their ability to disclose unfavorable medical information to patients. Directions for continuing assessment of the protocol are suggested. The Oncologist 2000;5:302-311

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SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer.

Research study. Palliative care nursing in rural Western Australia.

Who should control continuing education for nursing

Stories about breast cancer in Australian women's magazines: information sources for risk, early detection and treatment.

. Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume, 137–153 DOI: Grady, A. and E. Travers (2003). Hospice at home 2: evaluating a crisis intervention service. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing 9(8): 326–335. Riegel, B., B. Carlson et al (2002). Standardized Telephonic Case Management in a Hispanic Heart Failure Population: An Effective Intervention. Disease Management & Health Outcomes 10(4): 241–249. Roush, R. E. and T. A. Teasdale (1997). Reduced hospitalization rates of two sets of community-residing older adults after use of a personal response system. Journal of Applied Gerontology v16(n3): p 355(12). Shepperd, S., D. Harwood et al (1998). Randomised controlled trial comparing hospital at home care with inpatient hospital care. I: three month follow up of health outcomes. British Medical Journal 316(7147): 1786–1791.

Guidelines for a palliative approach for aged care in the community setting: Processes underpinning best practice recommendations

This article outlines the theoretical context for understanding loss, grief and bereavement and summarises some of the recent questions related to the merits of bereavement intervention. Challenging issues related to these concepts in the context of palliative care are examined. These include how to assess the needs of family members for bereavement support, how much bereavement support to provide, how to address the needs of patients and families from non-dominant cultural groups, and how to manage concerns about loss, grief and bereavement in the context of dementia. Recommendations for future research are offered.

Linda J. Kristjanson

Papers

Research study. Palliative care nursing in rural Western Australia.

Who should control continuing education for nursing

Stories about breast cancer in Australian women's magazines: information sources for risk, early detection and treatment.

Guidelines for a palliative approach for aged care in the community setting: Processes underpinning best practice recommendations

Loss, grief and bereavement in palliative care: Research directions