Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

Today, ethnographers and qualitative researchers in fields such as urban poverty, immigration, and social inequality face an environment in which their work will be read, cited, and assessed by demographers, quantitative sociologists, and even economists. They also face a demand for case studies of poor, minority, or immigrant groups and neighborhoods that not only generate theory but also somehow speak to empirical conditions in other cases (not observed). Many have responded by incorporating elements of quantitative methods into their designs, such as selecting respondents `at random' for small, in-depth interview projects or identifying `representative' neighborhoods for ethnographic case studies, aiming to increase generalizability. This article assesses these strategies and argues that they fall short of their objectives. Recognizing the importance of the predicament underlying the strategies — to determine how case studies can speak empirically to other cases — it presents two alternatives to curren...

`How many cases do I need?' On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research

The literature on fear of crime has grown rapidly in the last three decades. This paper examines the reasons for this growth and attempts to put some structure on the work to date. The inadequacies of measures of fear of crime are discussed and alternative approaches suggested. Alternative explanatory theories are compared and strategies for reducing fear reviewed.

Fear of crime: A review of the literature.

In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence about the potential effectiveness of some intervention programmes was sufficient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to suggest significant revisions to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is argued that a different but equally relevant form of empirical evidence—that derived from desistance studies—suggests a need to re-evaluate these earlier paradigms for probation practice. This reevaluation is also required by the way that such studies enable us to understand and theorize both desistance itself and the role that penal professionals might p...

/pdf/a-desistance-paradigm-for-offender-management-3g7dmwma4z.pdf

A desistance paradigm for offender management

(1997) " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative: essai théorique et méthodologique " Un document produit en version numérique par Jean-Marie Tremblay, bénévole, professeur de sociologie au Cégep de Chicoutimi Dans le cadre de la collection: "Les classiques des sciences sociales" Site web: http://classiques.uqac.ca/ Une collection développée en collaboration avec la Bibliothèque Paul-Émile-Boulet de l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Site web: http://bibliotheque.uqac.ca/ " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative : essai théorique et méthodologique " (1997) 2 Cette édition électronique a été réalisée par Jean-Marie Tremblay, bénévole, professeur de sociologie au Cégep de Chicoutimi à partir de : Alvaro Pires Criminologue, École de criminologie, Université d'Ottawa. " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative: essai théorique et méthodologi-que ". Édition électronique réalisée avec le traitement de textes Microsoft Word 2004 pour Macintosh. " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative : essai théorique et méthodologique " (1997) 3 Alvaro Pires Criminologue, département de criminologie, Université d'Ottawa " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative : essai théorique et méthodologique " Un article publié dans l'ouvrage sous la direction de Poupart, Deslauriers, Groulx, Laperrière, Mayer, Pires [Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les méthodes qualitatives], La recherche qualitative. Enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologi-ques, pp. 113-169. Première partie : Épistémologie et théorie. Montréal : Gaëtan Mo-rin, Éditeur, 1997, 405 pp. " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative : essai théorique et méthodologique " (1997) 4 Table des matières Introduction 1. Questions théoriques et méthodologiques générales sur l'échantillonnage Deux types de données : les lettres et les chiffres Les structures conventionnelle et ouverte de recherche La notion d'échantillon La notion de population Les notions d'« univers de travail » et d'« univers général » Deux exemples de structure conventionnelle ou close Deux exemples de structure ouverte ou paradoxale 2. L'échantillonnage et quelques types d'échantillons dans la recherche qualitative L'échantillonnage par cas unique des micro-unités sociales L'échantillon d'acteur L'échantillon de milieu, géographique ou institutionnel L'échantillon événementiel ou d'intrigue La caractérisation de l'échantillonnage par cas unique La sélection du cas Trois axes théorico-méthodologiques majeurs La question de la « généralisation » L'échantillonnage par cas multiples des micro-unités sociales. L'axe des représentations sociales et des expériences de vie Les principes de diversification et de saturation L'échantillon par contraste L'échantillon par homogénéisation Deux stratégies de contraste réduit L'échantillon par quête du cas négatif Bibliographie " Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative : essai théorique et méthodologique " (1997) 5 Figure 1. Deux grands types de données, différentes modalités d'échantillonnage et différents types d'échantillons Figure 2. Deux …

/pdf/echantillonnage-et-recherche-qualitative-essai-theorique-et-3m7s2ezrr8.pdf

Échantillonnage et recherche qualitative: essai théorique et méthodologique

This paper describes the achievements of feminist perspectives in criminology and explores their potential for transforming and transgressing' the criminological enterprise. In particular, the authors focus on the potential for transforming traditional research methodologies. Whilst feminist research methodologies are perhaps closely allied to those adopted by symbolic interactionists, the authors are keen to show how feminist approaches overcome some of the criticisms applied. They are also concerned to examine the validity of knowledge created through feminist perspectives and describe attempts to grapple with the question of how to produce good quality knowledge.

Feminist Perspectives in Criminology

Clifford Shaw pursued his interest in the development of the delinquent pattern in the individual boy and its links with the geography of the city and community disorganization by making the `life ...

The Jack-Roller Telling a story?

Receptions into women's prisons have more than doubled in the last 10 years. A number of explanations have been offered for this: changes in the nature and seriousness of women's crime, moves towards dealing with male and female offenders more `equally', changes in sentencing patterns, changes in the `type' of women sentenced to imprisonment and increases in the length of women's prison sentences. This article shows that, in the main, these explanations are inadequate. It also identifies the paradox which exists between this increasing penality and women's pathways into crime. Women who commit crime, including women in prison, tend not to commit serious crime, and continue to be drawn from those who experience economic and social deprivation. The Government recognizes this disjuncture to a degree (especially through the activities of its Social Exclusion Unit) but this article argues that more radical shifts in sentencing policy and practice are required to stem the increasingly rapid flow of women being ...

Women's imprisonment in England and Wales A penal paradox

1 Introduction 2Youth justice: discretion in pre-court decision-making 3 Judicial discretion in sentencing 4 Prison officers and the use of discretion 5 Discretion and the release of life sentence prisoners 6 Discretion in access to forensic psychiatric units 7 Discretion and the release of mentally disordered offenders 8 Decisions to detain asylum seekers - routine, duty or individual choice? 9 Order, rationality and silence: some reflections on criminal justice decision-making

Exercising discretion : decision-making in the criminal justice system and beyond

This article considers some of the tensions surrounding criminal justice interventions to deal with men's violence against their female partners. Some commentators argue for the increased criminalisation and penalisation of violent men, and others focus on a more caring vision of justice, for example. This article reviews what has been achieved to deal with men's violence via the law and criminal justice system and explores the potential of more restorative approaches in this sphere.

Loraine Gelsthorpe

Papers

Feminist Perspectives in Criminology

The Jack-Roller Telling a story?

Women's imprisonment in England and Wales A penal paradox

Exercising discretion : decision-making in the criminal justice system and beyond

Re‐visioning Men's Violence Against Female Partners