자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has received considerable attention in the literature. The present study is a quantitative integration and review of that research. From a database of 185 independent studies published up to the end of 1997, the TPB accounted for 27% and 39% of the variance in behaviour and intention, respectively. The perceived behavioural control (PBC) construct accounted for significant amounts of variance in intention and behaviour, independent of theory of reasoned action variables. When behaviour measures were self-reports, the TPB accounted for 11% more of the variance in behaviour than when behaviour measures were objective or observed (R2s = .31 and .21, respectively). Attitude, subjective norm and PBC account for significantly more of the variance in individuals' desires than intentions or self-predictions, but intentions and self-predictions were better predictors of behaviour. The subjective norm construct is generally found to be a weak predictor of intentions. This is partly attributable to a combination of poor measurement and the need for expansion of the normative component. The discussion focuses on ways in which current TPB research can be taken forward in the light of the present review.

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Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review.

Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

Numerous theories in social and health psychology assume that intentions cause behaviors. However, most tests of the intention- behavior relation involve correlational studies that preclude causal inferences. In order to determine whether changes in behavioral intention engender behavior change, participants should be assigned randomly to a treatment that significantly increases the strength of respective intentions relative to a control condition, and differences in subsequent behavior should be compared. The present research obtained 47 experimental tests of intention-behavior relations that satisfied these criteria. Meta-analysis showed that a medium-to-large change in intention (d = 0.66) leads to a small-to-medium change in behavior (d = 0.36). The review also identified several conceptual factors, methodological features, and intervention characteristics that moderate intention-behavior consistency.

/pdf/does-changing-behavioral-intentions-engender-behavior-change-4nqh8nlgfo.pdf

Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence.

Past behavior guides future responses through 2 processes. Well-practiced behaviors in constant contexts recur because the processing that initiates and controls their performance becomes automatic. Frequency of past behavior then reflects habit strength and has a direct effect on future performance. Alternately, when behaviors are not well learned or when they are performed in unstable or difficult contexts, conscious decision making is likely to be necessary to initiate and carry out the behavior. Under these conditions, past behavior (along with attitudes and subjective norms) may contribute to intentions, and behavior is guided by intentions. These relations between past behavior and future behavior are substantiated in a meta-analytic synthesis of prior research on behavior prediction and in a primary research investigation. In everyday explanations of behavior, habits denote one's customary ways of behaving. Claiming that one performed a behavior because of habit provides an understandable explanation for an act that otherwise might seem irrational or even harmful. Habits also are featured in the popular psychology literature in the form of self-help books designed to identify readers' existing habits, evaluate habits' effectiveness in meeting goals, and establish more desirable habits. Habits are not, however, important constructs in most contemporary social psychological models of human behavior. Early in their careers, most psychology graduate students learn that frequency of past behavior, a standard indicator of habit strength (Triandis, 1977, 1980), is the best predictor of

/pdf/habit-and-intention-in-everyday-life-the-multiple-processes-1xuobe1ggh.pdf

Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.

Context.—African American adolescents are at high risk of contracting sexually
transmitted infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which behavioral
interventions to reduce risk are most effective and who should conduct them
is not known.Objective.—To evaluate the effects of abstinence and safer-sex HIV risk-reduction
interventions on young inner-city African American adolescents' HIV sexual
risk behaviors when implemented by adult facilitators as compared with peer
cofacilitators.Design.—Randomized controlled trial with 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up.Setting.—Three middle schools serving low-income African American communities
in Philadelphia, Pa.Participants.—A total of 659 African American adolescents recruited for a Saturday
program.Interventions.—Based on cognitive-behavioral theories and elicitation research, interventions
involved 8 1-hour modules implemented by adult facilitators or peer cofacilitators.
Abstinence intervention stressed delaying sexual intercourse or reducing its
frequency; safer-sex intervention stressed condom use; control intervention
concerned health issues unrelated to sexual behavior.Main Outcome Measures.—Self-reported sexual intercourse, condom use, and unprotected sexual
intercourse.Results.—Mean age of the enrollees was 11.8 years; 53% were female and 92.6%
were still enrolled at 12 months. Abstinence intervention participants were
less likely to report having sexual intercourse in the 3 months after intervention
than were control group participants (12.5% vs 21.5%, P=.02), but not at 6- or 12-month follow-up (17.2% vs 22.7%, P=.14; 20.0% vs 23.1%, P=.42, respectively).
Safer-sex intervention participants reported significantly more consistent
condom use than did control group participants at 3 months (odds ratio [OR]=3.38;
95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-9.16) and higher frequency of condom use
at all follow-ups. Among adolescents who reported sexual experience at baseline,
the safer-sex intervention group reported less sexual intercourse in the previous
3 months at 6- and 12-month follow-up than did control and abstinence intervention
(adjusted mean days over prior 3 months, 1.34 vs 3.77 and 3.03, respectively; P≤.01 at 12-month follow-up) and less unprotected intercourse
at all follow-ups than did control group (adjusted mean days, 0.04 vs 1.85,
respectively, P<.001, at 12-month follow-up).
There were no differences in intervention effects with adult facilitators
as compared with peer cofacilitators.Conclusion.—Both abstinence and safer-sex interventions can reduce HIV sexual risk
behaviors, but safer-sex interventions may be especially effective with sexually
experienced adolescents and may have longer-lasting effects.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/187546/JOC80091.pdf

Abstinence and Safer Sex HIV Risk-Reduction Interventions for African American Adolescents A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND. The number of reported cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is increasing disproportionately among Blacks in the United States. The relatively high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among Black adolescents suggest the need for AIDS prevention programs to reduce their risk of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS. Black male adolescents (n = 157) were randomly assigned to receive an AIDS risk reduction intervention aimed at increasing AIDS-related knowledge and weakening problematic attitudes toward risky sexual behavior, or to receive a control intervention on career opportunities. RESULTS. The adolescents who received the AIDS intervention subsequently had greater AIDS knowledge, less favorable attitudes toward risky sexual behavior, and lower intentions to engage in such behavior than did those in the control condition. Follow-up data collected 3 months later revealed that the adolescents who had received the AIDS intervention repo...

Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: effects of an AIDS prevention intervention.

The role of mother–daughter sexual risk communication in reducing sexual risk behaviors among urban adolescent females: a prospective study

Background: Adolescent girls in the United States and around the world are at a heightened risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective: To determine the efficacy of a skill-based HIV/STD risk-reduction intervention in reducing self-reported unprotected sexual intercourse among African American and Latino adolescent girls. Design: Randomized controlled trial with 3- 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Setting and Participants: Sexually experienced African American and Latino adolescent girls recruited from the adolescent medicine clinic of a children’s hospital serving a low-income inner-city community (N = 682 mean age 15.5 years); 88.6% were retained at the 12-month follow-up. Interventions: Three 250-minute interventions based on cognitive-behavioral theories and elicitation research: an information-based HIV/STD intervention provided information necessary to practice safer sex; a skill-based HIV/STD intervention provided information and taught skills necessary to practice safer sex; or a health-promotion control intervention concerned with health issues unrelated to sexual behavior. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcome measure was self-reported frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse; secondary outcomes included the frequency of sexual intercourse while intoxicated the number of sexual partners biologically confirmed STDs and theoretical mediator variables including the intention to use condoms beliefs about using condoms and condom- use knowledge. Results: No differences between the information intervention and the health control intervention were statistically significant. Skills-intervention participants (mean [SE] 2.27 [0.81]) reported less unprotected sexual intercourse at the 12-month follow-up than did information intervention participants (mean [SE] 4.04 [0.80]; P = .03) or health control-intervention participants (mean [SE] 5.05 [0.81]; P = .002). At the 12-month follow-up skills-intervention participants (mean [SE] 0.91 [0.05]) reported fewer sexual partners (P = .04) compared with health control-intervention participants (mean [SE] 1.04 [0.05]) and were less likely to test positive for STD (mean [SE] 10.5% [2.9%]) than were health control-intervention participants (mean [SE] 18.2% [2.8%]; P = .05). No differences in the frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse the number of partners or the rate of STD were observed at the 3- or 6-month follow-up between skill-intervention participants and information- intervention or health control-intervention participants. Conclusion: Skill- based HIV/STD interventions can reduce sexual risk behaviors and STD rate among African American and Latino adolescent girls in clinic settings. (authors)

HIV/STD Risk Reduction Interventions for African American and Latino Adolescent Girls at an Adolescent Medicine Clinic

This study tested hypotheses regarding attitudinal and normative influences on intentions to use condoms, a practice that would reduce women's risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection. Participants were 103 sexually active unmarried black women undergraduates at an inner-city commuter university, in an area with a high rate of reported AIDS cases among women. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, multiple regression analysis on women's anonymous responses to a mailed survey revealed that those who registered more favorable attitudes toward condoms and those who perceived subjective norms more supportive of condom use reported firmer intentions to use condoms in the next three months. Key behavioral beliefs related to attitudes centered on the adverse effects of condom use on sexual enjoyment. Key normative influences were respondents' sexual partners and mothers. However, women's own attitudes were a stronger determinant of intentions to use condoms than were their perceptions of normative influences, particularly among women with above-average AIDS knowledge. The results suggest that the theory of reasoned action provides a potentially useful conceptual framework for interventions to change a key AIDS risk behavior among women.

Loretta Sweet Jemmott

Papers

Abstinence and Safer Sex HIV Risk-Reduction Interventions for African American Adolescents A Randomized Controlled Trial

Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: effects of an AIDS prevention intervention.

The role of mother–daughter sexual risk communication in reducing sexual risk behaviors among urban adolescent females: a prospective study

HIV/STD Risk Reduction Interventions for African American and Latino Adolescent Girls at an Adolescent Medicine Clinic

Applying the theory of reasoned action to AIDS risk behavior: condom use among black women