Fundamental statistics in psychology and education.

http://gero.usc.edu/AgeWorks/spring_session2015/tdl/gero510/changes_lect/AgingandVision.pdf

Aging and vision.

Eye movements are an integral and essential part of our human foveated vision system. Here, we review recent work on voluntary eye movements, with an emphasis on the last decade. More selectively, we address two of the most important questions about saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements in natural vision. First, why do we saccade to where we do? We argue that, like for many other aspects of vision, several different circuits related to salience, object recognition, actions, and value ultimately interact to determine gaze behavior. Second, how are pursuit eye movements and perceptual experience of visual motion related? We show that motion perception and pursuit have a lot in common, but they also have separate noise sources that can lead to dissociations between them. We emphasize the point that pursuit actively modulates visual perception and that it can provide valuable information for motion perception.

Eye movements and perception: a selective review.

A necessary consequence of the nature of neural transmission systems is that as change in the physical state of a time-varying event takes place, delays produce error between the instantaneous registered state and the external state. Another source of delay is the transmission of internal motor commands to muscles and the inertia of the musculoskeletal system. How does the central nervous system compensate for these pervasive delays? Although it has been argued that delay compensation occurs late in the motor planning stages, even the earliest visual processes, such as phototransduction, contribute significantly to delays. I argue that compensation is not an exclusive property of the motor system, but rather, is a pervasive feature of the central nervous system (CNS) organization. Although the motor planning system may contain a highly flexible compensation mechanism, accounting not just for delays but also variability in delays (e.g., those resulting from variations in luminance contrast, internal body temperature, muscle fatigue, etc.), visual mechanisms also contribute to compensation. Previous suggestions of this notion of "visual prediction" led to a lively debate producing re-examination of previous arguments, new analyses, and review of the experiments presented here. Understanding visual prediction will inform our theories of sensory processes and visual perception, and will impact our notion of visual awareness.

/pdf/visual-prediction-psychophysics-and-neurophysiology-of-56hq9tsjzs.pdf

Visual prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays

SECTION ONE: GENERAL BACKGROUND SECTION TWO: GROUPS, PATTERNS, TEXTURES SECTION THREE: CONTOURS AND SHAPES SECTION FOUR: FIGURE-GROUND ORGANIZATION SECTION FIVE: SURFACE AND COLOUR PERCEPTION SECTION SIX: MOTION AND EVENT PERCEPTION SECTION SEVEN: PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION AND OTHER MODALITIES SECTION EIGHT: SPECIAL INTEREST TOPICS SECTION NINE: APPLICATIONS OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION SECTION TEN: THEORETICAL APPROACHES

The Oxford handbook of perceptual organization

We present an overview of a multifaceted longitudinal study of vision function and its interaction with daily activities, health, and well-being among 900 persons aged 58 to 102 years at the first visit. Standard vision measures as well as nonconventional tests designed to assess visual performance under the nonideal conditions encountered in everyday life were used. Here we summarize a few of the findings to date, with an emphasis on a direct comparison of declines in different aspects of vision function with age. The rates of declines with advancing age vary widely for the different vision functions. Also described is the reading performance of the sample and its association with some of the vision measures. Furthermore, we describe some of the associations between vision test scores and extensive longitudinal health and functioning data collected by the Buck Center for Research in Aging. Findings show that many older people with good acuity are effectively visually impaired in performing everyday tasks involving low and changing light levels, stereopsis, glare, and low contrast. We also found that vision under nonideal conditions cannot be predicted from standard acuity on an individual basis.

The Smith-Kettlewell Institute (SKI) longitudinal study of vision function and its impact among the elderly: an overview.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender differences in the relationship between night driving self-restriction and vision function in an older population. METHODS: Night driving self-restriction patterns (assessed by questionnaire) were examined cross-sectionally in relation to age, gender, health and cognitive status, depression, and vision function in a sample of 900 elders (mean age, 76 years) living in Marin County, California. RESULTS: Of the total sample, 91% of men and 77% of women were current drivers. The mean age of the drivers was 73.3 years (range, 58-96 years). Among current drivers, women had slightly better vision function than men on most measures (low-contrast acuity, contrast sensitivity, low-contrast acuity in glare, low-contrast, low-luminance acuity, and glare recovery) but were twice as likely as men to restrict their driving to daytime. Men showed significant associations with avoidance of night driving on four spatial vision measures (high- and low-contrast acuity, low-contrast, low-luminance acuity, and contrast sensitivity). For women, in addition to these measures, a significant association was seen for low-contrast acuity in glare. Neither men nor women showed significant associations between driving restriction and performance on the other vision measures examined (glare recovery time, attentional field integrity, or stereopsis). The vision measures most predictive of self-restriction were contrast sensitivity for men and low-contrast acuity in glare for women. CONCLUSIONS: Including both cessation and self-restriction, men over age 85 years are 6.6 times more likely than women to be driving at night. For both genders, vision plays a significant role in the self-restriction decision. A higher percentage of men than women continue to drive at night with poor vision. Men's night-driving cessation was associated with contrast sensitivity and depression, whereas women's night-driving cessation was associated with low-contrast acuity in glare as well as age.

Night Driving Self-Restriction: Vision Function and Gender Differences

:PurposeTo examine to what extent measurement of standard visual acuity allows prediction of other spatial vision measures on an individual basis when high correlations exist between visual acuity and the other measures.MethodsA series of spatial vision functions were measured in a sample of

The relation between visual acuity and other spatial vision measures.

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(02)00650-4.pdf

Suppression of motion-produced smear during smooth pursuit eye movements

http://schorlab.berkeley.edu/download/saccades_reduce_latency99.pdf

Lori A. Lott

Papers

The Smith-Kettlewell Institute (SKI) longitudinal study of vision function and its impact among the elderly: an overview.

Night Driving Self-Restriction: Vision Function and Gender Differences

The relation between visual acuity and other spatial vision measures.

Suppression of motion-produced smear during smooth pursuit eye movements

Saccades reduce latency and increase velocity of ocular accommodation.