National Council: I Bassingthwaighte NK Baumgarten KNF Chihota TC Chetty KF Clinton Q Esteves L Forshey WRB Hamlyn AE Gebhardt J Goldswain C Hutchison BF Kirchmann (Honarary Life Member) P Lombaard K Mamabolo MM Ngcobo N Nkabinde V Nondo AG Oldfield J Pelser CSF Shepherd W Schultze JH Solomon G Smith G Stroebel JO Truter AJ van Riet (Honarary Life Member) E van Niekerk F Viruly A Zeiss Directors: M van der Walt (President) BM Kodisang (President Elect) MA Phakathi (Immediate Past President) NA Gopal (Chief Executive Officer) PD Naidoo MM Ngcobo W Schultze Incorporated Association not for gain THE DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY PRETORIA REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 3rd June 2008

The department of trade and industry

Coke oven gas: Availability, properties, purification, and utilization in China

Fluidized bed waste incinerators: Design, operational and environmental issues

Emission performance and combustion efficiency of a conical fluidized-bed combustor firing various biomass fuels.

Key issues and solution strategies for supercritical carbon dioxide coal fired power plant

1 Introduction.- 1-1 Principles of Boiler Operation.- 1-2 Classification of Boilers.- 1-3 Description of Boilers.- References.- 2 General Design Considerations.- 2-1 Boiler Specifications.- 2-2 Design Steps.- References.- 3 Fuel and Combustion Calculations.- 3-1 Features of Fuel.- 3-2 Stoichiometric Calculations.- 3-3 Enthalpy Calculation of Air and Combustion Products.- 3-4 Heat Balance.- 3-5 Generation of SO2and NOx.- Nomenclature.- References.- 4 Coal Preparation Systems for Boilers.- 4-1 Coal Preparation Systems.- 4-2 Pulverizing Properties of Coal.- 4-3 Pulverizing Air System.- 4-4 Size-Reducing Machines.- 4-5 Other Components for Coal Preparation Systems.- 4-6 Design of Coal Preparation System for Pulverized Coal Boilers.- 4-7 Fuel Feeding in Fluidized Bed Boilers.- Nomenclature.- References.- 5 Design of Oil Burners.- 5-1 Design of Oil Supply System.- 5-2 Oil Atomizers.- 5-3 Air Registers.- 5-4 Design Principles of Oil Fired Boilers.- Nomenclature.- References.- 6 Boiler Furnace Design Methods.- 6-1 General Design Principles.- 6-2 Flame Emissivity.- 6-3 Heat Transfer Calculations for the PC Boiler Furnace.- 6-4 Water Wall Arrangement.- 6-5 Fouling and Thermal Efficiency Factors for Water Wall Tubes.- 6-6 Temperature Field CoefficientM.- 6-7 Furnace Emissivity.- 6-8 Distribution of Heat Load in Furnace.- Nomenclature.- References.- 7 Convective Heating Surfaces.- 7-1 Design of Superheater and Reheater.- 7-2 Temperature Control in Superheater and Reheater.- 7-3 Adjustment of Heat Absorption in Superheater and Reheater..- 7-4 Economizer.- 7-5 Air Heater.- 7-6 Arrangement of Back-Pass Heating Surfaces.- 7-7 Heat Transfer Calculations for Convective Heating Surfaces.- 7-8 Design Methods of Convection Heating Surfaces.- Nomenclature.- References.- 8 Swirl Burners.- 8-1 Design of a Swirl Burner.- 8-2 Flow Resistance in Swirl Burners.- 8-3 Examples of Swirl Burners.- 8-4 Arrangement of Multiple Swirl Burners.- 8-5 Design Procedure of Swirl Burners.- Nomenclature.- References.- 9 Design of Novel Burners.- 9-1 Types of PC Burners.- 9-2 PC Burner With Blunt Body.- 9-3 Precombustion Chamber Burner.- 9-4 Boat Burner.- 9-5 Co-Flow Jet Burner With High Differential Velocity.- 9-6 Counter-Flow Jet Burner.- 9-7 Dense and Lean Phase PC Burner.- 9-8 Down-Shot Flame Combustion Technique.- 9-9 Low NOxBurner.- Nomenclature.- References.- 10 Tangentially Fired Burners.- 10-1 General Descriptions.- 10-2 Design of Burners With Peripheral Air.- 10-3 Design of Tilting Burners.- 10-4 Burners for Bituminous Coal.- 10-5 Anthracite and Lean Coal Fired PC Burner.- 10-6 Brown Coal Fired Direct Burner.- 10-7 Multifuel Burner.- 10-8 Design Methods for Tangentially Fired Boilers.- 10-9 Example of Burner Design.- Nomenclature.- References.- 11 Fluidized Bed Boilers.- 11-1 Fluidized Bed Boiler.- 11-2 Major Features of Fluidized Bed Boilers.- 11-3 Basics of Fluidized Beds.- 11-4 Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boilers.- 11-5 Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers.- 11-6 Distributor Plates.- 11-7 Loop Seals.- 11-8 Gas-Solid Separators.- Nomenclature.- References.- 12 Steam-Water Circulation in Boiler.- 12-1 Natural Circulation System.- 12-2 Calculations for Simple and Complex Tube Circuits.- 12-3 Two-Phase Flow Resistance.- 12-4 Height of Economizer Section in the Riser.- 12-5 Worked-Out Example.- Nomenclature.- References.- 13 Forced Circulation for Supercritical or Subcritical Boilers.- 13-1 General Description.- 13-2 Design Principle of Forced Circulation Boiler.- 13-3 Features of Forced Circulation Boilers.- 13-4 Supercritical Boilers.- 14 Corrosion and Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces.- 14-1 High-Temperature Corrosion of External Surfaces.- 14-2 Prevention of High-Temperature Corrosion.- 14-3 Low-Temperature Corrosion on External Surfaces.- 14-4 Corrosion and Scaling of Internal Surfaces.- 14-5 Fouling and Slagging.- 14-6 Calculation of Soot and Ash Deposition.- 14-7 Prediction of Slagging Potential.- 14-8 Design Measure for Reduction of Fouling and Slagging.- Nomenclature.- References.- 15 Erosion Prevention in Boilers.- 15-1 Theory of Erosion of Heating Surfaces.- 15-2 Worked-Out Example.- 15-3 Factors Influencing Tube Erosion.- 15-4 Analyses of Erosion of Tube Banks in Cross-Flow.- 15-5 Permissible Gas Velocity for Safe Operation.- 15-6 Erosion Protection for the Economizer, Reheater, and Superheater.- 15-7 Erosion in Tubular Air Heaters.- 15-8 Erosion in Fluidized Bed Boilers.- Nomenclature.- References.- 16 Pressure Drop in Gas and Air Ducts.- 16-1 Draft Systems.- 16-2 Pressure Drop in Air and Gas Duct Systems.- 16-3 Pressure Drop Across Heating Surfaces.- 16-4 Pressure Drop in Natural Draft Gas Path.- 16-5 Pressure Drop Through Air Ducts.- 16-6 Selection of Fans.- 16-7 Pressure Drop Through Water or Steam Tubes.- Nomenclature.- References.- 17 Mechanical Design of Pressure Parts.- 17-1 Selection of Materials.- 17-2 Important Mechanical Properties of Various Materials.- 17-3 Fundamental Metallurgical Concepts to Improve Steel Properties.- 17-4 Design Methods.- 17-5 Thickness (Scantling) Calculations.- Nomenclature.- References.- 18 Tables of Design Data.- Table 18-1 Specific heat of air, flue gas and ash at atmospheric pressure.- Table 18-2 Some physical properties of iron, metal, and selected steels.- Table 18-3 Linear thermal expansion of steel.- Table 18-4 Specific heat capacity of steel.- Table 18-5 Electrical resistivity of steel.- Table 18-6 Thermal conductivity of steel.- Table 18-7 Density, heat capacity, and heat conductivity for metals.- Table 18-8 Thermal properties of the saturated water and steam (arranged by temperature).- Table 18-9 Thermal properties of the saturated water and steam (arranged by pressure).- Table 18-10 Thermal properties of unsaturated water and superheated steam at different pressures.- Table 18-11 Conversion factors.

Boilers and burners : design and theory

Boilers and burners

A numerical study of air preheater leakage

The furnace constitutes the main component of a Circulating Fluidized Bed boiler. Because of its size and complexity, it has an important influence upon both the overall boiler cost and its operating flexibility. This paper presents the main results of the investigation of the furnace behavior of the E. Huchet boiler, a 125 MWe reheat unit in operation since 1990. It shows the different measurements: pressure profile, boundary layer thickness and temperature, heat transfer coefficient of the waterwalls (from global heat balance and from fluxmeter measurements). Furthermore, some correlations linking the main hydrodynamic and heat transfer parameters are presented and compared to what has been found on other Circulating Fluidized Bed boilers or small-scale experiments. Finally, a simple one-dimensional numerical model resulting from these measurements and correlations is presented, in order to predict the hydrodynamic behavior and the heat transfer in a large capacity Circulating Fluidized Bed combustor, and to stress what should be measured and studied to ensure the development of a reliable numerical model, and also the development of large capacity Circulating Fluidized Bed boilers.

Study of a circulating fluidized bed furnace behavior in order to scale it up to 600 MWe

A first analysis on the effect of steam parameters on the size and configuration of Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boilers is presented. Resulting data, first in published literature, would designers and users to appreciate the influence of steam parameters on the overall design of CFB boilers. Unlike conventional Pulverized Coal (PC) boilers, CFB boilers do not have a data base of the impact of steam parameters on the furnace size. The present works fill this gap in design knowledge. The analysis used an Expert system to investigate effect of different steam cycles ranging from small capacity, low pressure boilers without reheat to large capacity, high pressure reheat boilers. On the basis of this study a general guide for the design of CFB boilers for different steam cycle specifications is developed.

Louis Jestin

Papers

Boilers and burners : design and theory

Boilers and burners

A numerical study of air preheater leakage

Study of a circulating fluidized bed furnace behavior in order to scale it up to 600 MWe

Effects of steam parameters on the size and configuration of circulating fluidized bed boilers