Previous research has established how childhood attachment extends into adult romantic attachment and attachment to God. Other research has shown that individuals' styles of attachment to God are differentially associated with three types of spiritual coping methods, self-directing, deferring, and collaborative. Hernandez, Salerno, & Bottoms (2010) sought to extend this body of research by investigating the relationship between God attachment, spiritual coping, and alcohol use. A "novel link" was established between God attachment and alcohol use (p. 106). Research on spiritual coping methods has identified three spiritual coping styles associated with people's relational state with God: self-directing, a self-reliant coping and problem-solving style that works independently of God; deferring, where the responsibility of problem-solving rests on God alone; and collaborative, a problem-solving style that views God and person as cooperative partners in coping and problem-solving. Moreover, a person's God attachment has been differentially associated with these coping methods. Hernandez, Salerno, & Bottoms (2010) sought to extend research on attachment and coping by being the first to study "the effects of God attachment and spiritual coping on alcohol use" (p. 99). They hypothesized that spiritual coping styles would mediate the effect of God attachment on alcohol use. Specifically, they predicted that insecure God attachment style, compared to secure God attachment style, would use "collaborative and deferring style coping styles less and self-directing coping style more," which would then result in increased alcohol use (p. 100). For the study, 429 undergraduate Introductory Psychology students from the University of Illinois at Chicago participated for course credit. The sample's (60% female) religious orientation was 46% Catholic, 43% Christian, 6% Hindu, 3% Muslim, 2% Jewish, 0.4% Greek Orthodox, and 0.4% Sikh. Five measures were utilized to test their hypotheses. The Attachment to God Scale was used to measure participants' "perceived emotional attachment to God" (p. 101). The Religious Problem-Solving Scale was used to measure participants' "religious problem solving tendencies," broken down into three spiritual coping styles: self-directing, deferring, and collaborative (p. 101). The Alcohol-Related Coping Scale was used to measure participants' "social, coping, and enhancement motives for drinking alcohol" (p. 101). The Alcohol Frequency Scale was used to measure participants' general alcohol use. Finally, participants' religious characteristics, such as religious orientation and level of religious involvement, were measured. To test the data, the researchers first implemented a series of one-way between-subjects ANOVA with God attachment style as the independent variable and spiritual coping styles, alcohol-related coping, and general alcohol use as dependent variables. This was followed by mediation analyses to test if the "effect of God attachment on alcohol use and alcohol coping was mediated by spiritual coping styles" (p. 102). Related to spiritual coping, there was a significant main effect of God attachment on spiritual coping, F(2,226) = 26.88, p

International Journal for the Psychology of Religion

OBJETIVO: Examinar a influencia do bem-estar espiritual na saude mental de estudantes universitarios. METODOS: Estudo transversal com 464 universitarios das areas de medicina e de direito, de Pelotas, RS. A coleta de dados foi realizada em grupos na sala de aula. Os alunos ausentes foram localizados para responderem individualmente; entretanto, 43 nao foram encontrados (9,3% de perda). Utilizou-se um questionario auto-aplicavel contendo: escala de bem-estar espiritual (SWBS), SRQ-20 (Self-Reporting Questionnaire) e informacoes sociodemograficas sobre praticas religiosas/espirituais e sobre a ocorrencia de eventos de vida produtores de estresse. Para analise estatistica, foram utilizados os testes de qui-quadrado e regressao logistica. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos alunos (80%) afirma possuir uma crenca espiritual ou religiao. O escore medio de bem-estar espiritual foi de 90,4, sendo de 45,6 e 45,1 para as sub-escalas existencial e religiosa, respectivamente. A SWBS apresentou associacao com a frequencia a servicos religiosos e praticas espirituais, e nao demonstrou ser influenciada por variaveis sociodemograficas e culturais. Individuos com bem-estar espiritual baixo e moderado apresentaram o dobro de chances de possuir transtornos psiquiatricos menores (TPM) (OR=0,42; IC95% 0,22-0,85). Sujeitos com bem-estar existencial baixo e moderado apresentaram quase cinco vezes mais TPM (OR=0,19; IC95% 0,08-0,45). CONCLUSOES: O presente estudo mostrou que o bem-estar espiritual atua como fator protetor para transtornos psiquiatricos menores, sendo a sub-escala de bem-estar existencial a maior responsavel pelos resultados obtidos.

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Relação entre bem-estar espiritual e transtornos psiquiátricos menores: estudo transversal

BACKGROUND: There is a shortage of validated instruments for the study of religiousness in Brazilian samples. A recent study in a community sample pointed to an adequate validity for the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Duke Religiosity Index (P-DUREL). Nevertheless, no study to date has investigated the psychometric properties of the P-DUREL in psychiatric and/or university student samples. OBJECTIVE: To determine the internal consistency, the test-retest reliability and the convergent-discriminant validity of the P-DUREL in two distinct samples. METHODS: Sample 1: university students (n = 323). Sample 2: psychiatric patients (n = 102). The P-DUREL and the World Health Organization's Quality of Life Instrument-Spirituality, Religion and Personal Beliefs module (WHOQOL-SRPB); psychological distress symptoms were measured by means the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in sample 1, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in sample 2. RESULTS: The P-DUREL had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.80) and test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient > 0.90) in both samples. Moderate correlations (0.58 < r < 0.71) between the P-DUREL subscales were observed. Furthermore, significant correlations between the P-DUREL scores with the general WHOQOL-SRPB scores as well as with psychological distress symptoms measures were observed in both samples. DISCUSSION: The present study opens perspective for the use of P-DUREL for the investigation of religiousness dimensions in Brazilian samples with diverse socio-demographic backgrounds.

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Validação da versão brasileira da escala de religiosidade de Duke (DUREL)

This volume includes a wide range of papers that explore individual and institutional aspects of religion from a social-science perspective. The special section has articles related to the practice of prayer, and includes studies from the USA, Europe, and the Middle East. The general papers include studies on coping strategies, God representations, spirituality versus religion, self-control in a Muslim context, and faith-based organizations in Cambodia. Together these papers form a valuable collection indicating the depth and vibrancy of research in these fields.

Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 27

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES Despite numerous spirituality and/or religiosity (S/R) measurement tools for use in research worldwide, there is little information on S/R instruments in the Portuguese language. The aim of the present study was to map out the S/R scales available for research in the Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING Systematic review of studies found in databases. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in three phases. Phases 1 and 2: articles in Portuguese, Spanish and English, published up to November 2011, dealing with the Portuguese translation and/or validation of S/R measurement tools for clinical research, were selected from six databases. Phase 3: the instruments were grouped according to authorship, cross-cultural adaptation, internal consistency, concurrent and discriminative validity and test-retest procedures. RESULTS Twenty instruments were found. Forty-five percent of these evaluated religiosity, 40% spirituality, 10% religious/spiritual coping and 5% S/R. Among these, 90% had been produced in (n = 3) or translated to (n = 15) Brazilian Portuguese and two (10%) solely to European Portuguese. Nevertheless, the majority of the instruments had not undergone in-depth psychometric analysis. Only 40% of the instruments presented concurrent validity, 45% discriminative validity and 15% a test-retest procedure. The characteristics of each instrument were analyzed separately, yielding advantages, disadvantages and psychometric properties. CONCLUSION Currently, 20 instruments for measuring S/R are available in the Portuguese language. Most have been translated (n = 15) or developed (n = 3) in Brazil and present good internal consistency. Nevertheless, few instruments have been assessed regarding all their psychometric qualities.

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Measuring spirituality and religiosity in clinical research: a systematic review of instruments available in the Portuguese language.

A proposta deste estudo e investigar a inter-relacao entre o bem-estar espiritual e a saude geral. Foram aplicados a Escala de Bem-estar Espiritual (Paulotzian e Ellison, 1982) e o Questionario de Saude Geral (Goldberg, 1972), para uma amostra nao-clinica de 506 pessoas, entre 16 e 78 anos, residentes em Porto Alegre (RS). A analise estatistica dos dados mostrou que ha uma correlacao positiva significativa entre saude e bem-estar espiritual. As aplicacoes deste estudo apontam para uma inclusao da espiritualidade na concepcao de saude, unida as dimensoes biologica, psicologica e social e confirma que a espiritualidade pode fazer uma importante contribuicao para a promocao da saude e prevencao da doenca.

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A saúde e o bem-estar espiritual em adultos porto-alegrenses

The aim of the present study was adapt and assess the validity of Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). The participants of this study were adults (N=506), from 16 to 78 years old (M=38,03 years; SD=15,07), and 237 (46,8%) were male and 269 (53,2%) were female, residents in Porto Alegre (Brazil). Factor analyses were conducted to determine the dimensions and a two factor solution was found to be more adequate, explaining 47,97% of total variance. The scale included 20 items with factor loadings larger than 0,38 in both factors. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas) for the factors was 0,92 for religious well-being and e 0,85 for existencial well-being and 0,92 for general scale. The results strengthen the psychometric qualities of the scale indicating their applicability in the study of religiosity and spirituality in the local context

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Adaptacao e validacao da Escala de bem-estar espiritual (EBE)

Religiousness is an important aspect of the formation of Brazilian subjectivity. This raises the issue to be addressed in this article—the issue of the place of the psychology of religion in Brazil. This text presents the psychology of religion in Brazil based on three sources of information: the activities of the Psychology & Religion Working Group, a look at the postgraduate programs that have been developing research on psychology of religion, and an analysis of studies that have been conducted in this area since 2000. A brief examination of Brazil's religious context is performed, considering its impact on culture and behavior, followed by an overview of past developments and current trends in this field of research. Psychology of religion has been studied from a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives in Brazil and has an interdisciplinary connection mainly to sciences of religion, theology, philosophy, and anthropology. Theoretical approaches go from cognitive psychology of religion t...

The Psychology of Religion in Brazil

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Adaptação e validação da Escala de Bem-estar Espiritual (EBE): Adaptation and validation of Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWS)

O presente artigo e uma pesquisa descritiva de cunho qualitativo sobre os significados que adolescentes de classe popular atribuem ao tempo livre. Participaram da pesquisa 120 adolescentes escolarizados de ambos os sexos, entre 12 e 18 anos, de Porto Alegre (RS - Brasil). Os resultados colhidos atraves de 15 grupos focais identificaram a dissonância entre as crencas e os conhecimentos sobre o tempo livre e as praticas dos adolescentes assim como os diversos sentidos atribuidos as mesmas atividades em termos de liberdade e prazer. Os significados estao unidos as experiencias dos participantes e sua complexidade depende das contingencias contextuais, e estao permeados pelas interligacoes entre diferentes conceitos emergidos. Observamos diferencas entre os grupos etarios em relacao a percepcao de liberdade de escolha no tempo livre. As vezes, o ocio objetiva desenvolvimento, e e um periodo produtivo no qual ha investimentos no âmbito social, cultural ou pessoal. Por vezes, ha tambem uma percepcao do ocio como descanso, na medida em que relacionam tempo livre com ideias de compensacao do cansaco oriundo das tarefas cotidianas. Observamos diferencas entre os grupos etarios em relacao a percepcao de liberdade de escolha no tempo livre.

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Luciana Fernandes Marques

Papers

A saúde e o bem-estar espiritual em adultos porto-alegrenses

Adaptacao e validacao da Escala de bem-estar espiritual (EBE)

The Psychology of Religion in Brazil

Adaptação e validação da Escala de Bem-estar Espiritual (EBE): Adaptation and validation of Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWS)

Significado do tempo livre para adolescentes de classe popular