Annual Energy Outlook

Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are one of the most viable technologies to achieve the goals of energy saving and environmental protection before a breakthrough in battery technology and fuel cell technology. Energy management strategy as a key technology of HEVs is studied extensively and deeply to improve the performance of HEVs and speed up the industrialization of HEVs. This paper quantitatively analyzes and evaluates current research status of energy management strategies for HEVs based on bibliometrics for the first time, through content analysis involving analysis of author keywords and abstracts. Then qualitative analysis is performed for all kinds of energy management strategies that are used in HEVs in detail, essential characteristics involving pros and cons, interconnections and improvement potential among various energy management strategies are revealed from the view of control theory. Finally, latest developing trends in energy management strategies of HEVs are presented to improve the performance of HEVs based on above quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, covering driving cycle recognition/prediction algorithms, integrated multi-objective, coordinated optimization energy management strategies, good balance between computation complexity and optimization performance of energy management strategies, fair and credible evaluation system of energy management strategies. This paper not only first provides a comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for HEVs, but also puts forward the emphasis and orientation of future study, which will broaden relevant researchers׳ vision and promote the development of a simple and practical energy management controller with low cost and high performance for HEVs.

A comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on bibliometrics

The gradual decline in global oil reserves and presence of ever so stringent emissions rules around the world, have created an urgent need for the production of automobiles with improved fuel economy. HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) have proved a viable option to guaranteeing improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. The fuel consumption benefits which can be realised when utilising HEV architecture are dependent on how much braking energy is regenerated, and how well the regenerated energy is utilised. The challenge in developing an HEV control strategy lies in the satisfaction of often conflicting control constraints involving fuel consumption, emissions and driveability, without over-depleting the battery state of charge at the end of the defined driving cycle. As a result, a number of power management strategies have been proposed in literature. This paper presents a comprehensive review of these literatures, focusing primarily on contributions in the aspect of parallel hybrid electric vehicle modelling and control. As part of this treatise, exploitable research gaps are also identified. This paper prides itself as a comprehensive reference for researchers in the field of hybrid electric vehicle development, control and optimisation.

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Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (a comprehensive review)

Renewable energy and energy storage systems

Real CO2 emissions benefits and end user’s operating costs of a plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ☆

Dynamic programming (DP) provides the optimal global solution to the energy management problem for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), but needs complete a-priori knowledge of the driving cycle and has high computational requirements. This article presents a possible methodology to extract rules from the dynamic programming solution to design an implementable rulebased strategy. The case study considered is a series/parallel HEV, in which a clutch allows to switch from one configuration to another. The strategy works according to a two layer policy: the supervisory controller, which decides the powertrain configuration (either series or parallel), and the energy management, which decides the power split. The process of deriving the rules from the optimal solution is described. Then, the performance of the resulting rule-based strategy is studied and compared with thesolutiongivenbythedynamicprogramming, whichfunctions

A Rule-Based Strategy for a Series/Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle: An Approach Based on Dynamic Programming

Dynamic programming is known to provide the optimal solution to the energy management problem. However, it is not implementable online because it requires complete a-priori knowledge of the driving cycle and high computational requirements. This article presents a methodology to extract an implementable rule-based strategy from the dynamic programming results and thus build a near-optimal controller. The case study discussed in this paper focused on mode switching in a series/parallel hybrid vehicle, in which a clutch may be used to change the powertrain topology. Because of the complexity of the system, the controller is divided in two layers: the supervisory controller, which decides the powertrain configuration, and the energy management, which decides the power split. The process of deriving the rules from the optimal solution is described in detail. Then, the performance of the resulting rule-based strategy is studied and compared with the solution given by dynamic programming, which functions as a benchmark. Then another comparison is performed with respect to the equivalent consumption minimisation strategy (ECMS) which, if optimally tuned, can achieve optimal performance as close to DP as possible with the advantage of being implementable.

Layered control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on optimal control

Ground transportation industry has accepted the reality that fast, efficient, and cost effective engine and vehicle development necessitates the use of numerical simulation at every stage of the design process. Within the vehicle powertrain design and development process, three different levels of modelling can generally be found: 1. Detailed modelling: it is performed during the research and early development stages. It is mainly focused on single powertrain components, such as for instance the internal combustion engine or the electric motor of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), providing detailed information about their behaviour, while it cannot study the whole system. 2. Software in the Loop (SiL) modelling: it is carried out later in the development cycle but often before production hardware is available. It has a global perspective and it can be used to evaluate vehicle performance. Moreover today SiL becomes popular in control system development, such as for instance in the development of HEVs energy management systems. 3. Hardware in the Loop (HiL) modelling, which is conducted once production controllers are available. Therefore, this chapter will provide a description of different methodologies which can support engineers in each phase of the vehicle powertrain design process. Starting from the description of different modelling approaches, the chapter will then go deeper into the analysis of numerical models for the main powertrain subsystems (such as for instance the internal combustion engine, the electric motors for HEVs, etc.). Finally, two case studies of numerical simulation applied to powertrain development will be presented; the first focused on the evaluation of vehicle performance, paying particular attention to the engine behaviour under transient conditions, the second aiming instead to the assessment of the fuel economy potential of different Hybrid Electric Vehicle architectures

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Numerical Simulation for Vehicle PowertrainDevelopment

Nowadays, electric vehicles represent a promising solution for reducing the fuel consumption (and thus the carbon dioxide emission) and the pollutant emissions of road vehicles, especially in highl

Development of an optimal strategy for the energy management of a range-extended electric vehicle with additional noise, vibration and harshness constraints:

Luciano Rolando

Papers

Real CO2 emissions benefits and end user’s operating costs of a plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ☆

A Rule-Based Strategy for a Series/Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle: An Approach Based on Dynamic Programming

Layered control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on optimal control

Numerical Simulation for Vehicle PowertrainDevelopment

Development of an optimal strategy for the energy management of a range-extended electric vehicle with additional noise, vibration and harshness constraints: