This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Fog/edge computing has been proposed to be integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to enable computing services devices deployed at network edge, aiming to improve the user’s experience and resilience of the services in case of failures. With the advantage of distributed architecture and close to end-users, fog/edge computing can provide faster response and greater quality of service for IoT applications. Thus, fog/edge computing-based IoT becomes future infrastructure on IoT development. To develop fog/edge computing-based IoT infrastructure, the architecture, enabling techniques, and issues related to IoT should be investigated first, and then the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT should be explored. To this end, this paper conducts a comprehensive overview of IoT with respect to system architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy issues, and present the integration of fog/edge computing and IoT, and applications. Particularly, this paper first explores the relationship between cyber-physical systems and IoT, both of which play important roles in realizing an intelligent cyber-physical world. Then, existing architectures, enabling technologies, and security and privacy issues in IoT are presented to enhance the understanding of the state of the art IoT development. To investigate the fog/edge computing-based IoT, this paper also investigate the relationship between IoT and fog/edge computing, and discuss issues in fog/edge computing-based IoT. Finally, several applications, including the smart grid, smart transportation, and smart cities, are presented to demonstrate how fog/edge computing-based IoT to be implemented in real-world applications.

A Survey on Internet of Things: Architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security and Privacy, and Applications

IoT security: Review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges

This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

Mobile-edge computing (MEC) is an emerging paradigm to meet the ever-increasing computation demands from mobile applications. By offloading the computationally intensive workloads to the MEC server, the quality of computation experience, e.g., the execution latency, could be greatly improved. Nevertheless, as the on-device battery capacities are limited, computation would be interrupted when the battery energy runs out. To provide satisfactory computation performance as well as achieving green computing, it is of significant importance to seek renewable energy sources to power mobile devices via energy harvesting (EH) technologies. In this paper, we will investigate a green MEC system with EH devices and develop an effective computation offloading strategy. The execution cost , which addresses both the execution latency and task failure, is adopted as the performance metric. A low-complexity online algorithm is proposed, namely, the Lyapunov optimization-based dynamic computation offloading algorithm, which jointly decides the offloading decision, the CPU-cycle frequencies for mobile execution, and the transmit power for computation offloading. A unique advantage of this algorithm is that the decisions depend only on the current system state without requiring distribution information of the computation task request, wireless channel, and EH processes. The implementation of the algorithm only requires to solve a deterministic problem in each time slot, for which the optimal solution can be obtained either in closed form or by bisection search. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is shown to be asymptotically optimal via rigorous analysis. Sample simulation results shall be presented to corroborate the theoretical analysis as well as validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Dynamic Computation Offloading for Mobile-Edge Computing With Energy Harvesting Devices

The main contribution of this paper is an end-to-end rate-based congestion control algorithm for unicast quality adaptive video streaming that we call Adaptive Rate Control (ARC). The algorithm is based on end-to-end estimation of both available bandwidth and queue backlog. ARC has been compared with the TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) algorithm via the ns-2 simulator. In particular, both single bottleneck and multi-hop scenarios with and without lossy links have been considered. Simulation results have shown that ARC: (1) is more friendly than TFRC towards Reno; (2) remarkably improves the good-put with respect to TFRC and Reno TCP in the presence of lossy links; (3) provides no rate oscillations in the presence of stationary network load; (4) exhibits a less oscillating rate dynamics with respect to Reno TCP.

/pdf/adaptive-rate-control-for-internet-video-streaming-43jxlk9txc.pdf

Adaptive rate control for Internet video streaming

In order to provide service differentiation in 802.11 wireless local area networks, the 802.11e working group has recently proposed the hybrid coordination function (HCF) along with a HCF controlled channel access (HCCA). However, the 802.11e proposal does not specify an effective bandwidth allocation algorithm. Recently, to overcome this limitation, a control theoretic framework has been proposed in literature. Within such a framework, this paper proposes a new allocation algorithm based on a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Moreover, a performance comparison among the simple Scheduler introduced by 802.11e standard and three bandwidth allocations algorithms, designed using different dynamic regulators, has been carried out. Ns-2 simulation results showed that the best trade-off between packet delays and number of admitted flows is achieved by a properly tuned PID regulator.

Performance Evaluation of Feedback-based Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for 802.11e MAC

The adoption of scalable encoders can improve P2P-TV performance in heterogeneous scenarios, where peers with different capabilities coexist. In fact, each peer could dynamically adapt the resolution of the audio/video signals to its computation capabilities and available communication resources. Despite these clear benefits, casting a scalable encoder in a P2P-TV system requires sophisticated scheduling strategies in order to maximize user satisfaction. In this paper, we propose a novel chunk scheduler for layered video designed on the basis of control theory. It is able to significantly limit base chunk losses at the expenses of enhancement ones, thus maximizing overall video quality. Simulation results, conducted using a real-encoded video sequence and variable size chunks, have clearly shown the effectiveness of the algorithm, able to reach near-optimal performances.

A scheduling strategy for P2P-TV systems using Scalable Video Coding

The use of directional antennas in wireless ad hoc networks can significantly improve global performance due to a high spatial channel reuse. Nevertheless, its introduction poses new location dependent problems related to the MAC protocol. In this paper, the Balanced Incomplete Block Design theory has been exploited to develop a new MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks using directional antennas. It is a time slotted protocol, which is highly scalable. Moreover, it can provide a high number of concurrent communications, depending on the number of directional antennas mounted on each node, great fairness in bandwidth sharing and significant energy saving. In particular, energy saving provided by our scheme is consistently higher compared to those of usual directional MAC protocols for the following reasons. Firstly, control packets are sent only over fairly selected beams rather than over all the available ones. Secondly, our protocol provides a filtering, i.e. a fair selection, of the nodes that can try the access to the medium in each time slot. Simulation results validate the advantages of our protocol by proving high spatial reuse, great fairness and significant energy saving and by showing that it improves the overall system performance.

/pdf/evaluation-of-a-bibd-based-directional-mac-protocol-for-4rubnn490k.pdf

Evaluation of a bibd based directional mac protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

In Hybrid wired-wireless networks, power control algorithms and FEC techniques have to be adopted and optimized to hide the unreliability of wireless links to TCP. To achieve the expected performance gain, a joint cross-layer optimization that takes into account also TCP congestion control is required. Recently, in literature, a theoretic framework has been proposed to address this issue when New Reno TCP is used. This work extends such a recent findings to cope also with Westwood+ TCP, a recent TCP congestion control algorithm proposed for networks with high bandwidth delay products and random losses. Numerical results have shown that, for the same propagation conditions, Westwood+ TCP requires less power and FEC codes to achieve the same goodput of New Reno TCP

Luigi Alfredo Grieco

Papers

Adaptive rate control for Internet video streaming

Performance Evaluation of Feedback-based Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for 802.11e MAC

A scheduling strategy for P2P-TV systems using Scalable Video Coding

Evaluation of a bibd based directional mac protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

Joint Cross-layer Power Control and FEC Design for TCP Westwood+ in Hybrid Wireless-Wired Networks