2.3. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 6507 2.3.1. Photocatalytic Activity 6507 2.3.2. Photocatalytic Stability 6507 3. UV-Active Photocatalysts for Water Splitting 6507 3.1. d0 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6507 3.1.1. Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides 6507 3.1.2. Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides 6514 3.1.3. W-, Mo-Based Oxides 6517 3.1.4. Other d0 Metal Oxides 6518 3.2. d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6518 3.3. f0 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 6518 3.4. Nonoxide Photocatalysts 6518 4. Approaches to Modifying the Electronic Band Structure for Visible-Light Harvesting 6519

Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Generations Yi Ma,† Xiuli Wang,† Yushuai Jia,† Xiaobo Chen,‡ Hongxian Han,*,† and Can Li*,† †State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States

Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations.

The main objective of this review is to describe some of the important topics related to the use of marine and protective coatings for anticorrosive purposes. In this context, “protective” refers to coatings for containers, offshore constructions, wind turbines, storage tanks, bridges, rail cars, and petrochemical plants while “marine” refers to coatings for ballast tanks, cargo holds and cargo tanks, decks, and engine rooms on ships. The review aims at providing a thorough picture of state-of-the-art in anticorrosive coatings systems. International and national legislation aiming at reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have caused significant changes in the anticorrosive coating industry. The requirement for new VOC-compliant coating technologies means that coating manufacturers can no longer rely on the extensive track record of their time-served products to convince consumers of their suitability for use. An important aspect in the development of new VOC-compliant, high-performance anticorrosive coating systems is a thorough knowledge of the components in anticorrosive coatings, their interactions, their advantages and limitations, as well as a detailed knowledge on the failure modes of anticorrosive coatings. This review, which mainly deals with European experience and practice, includes a description of the different environments an anticorrosive coating system may encounter during service. In addition, examples of test methods and standards for determination of the performance and durability of anticorrosive coatings have been included. The different types of anticorrosive coatings are presented, and the most widely applied generic types of binders and pigments in anticorrosive coatings are listed and described. Furthermore, the protective mechanisms of barrier, sacrificial, and inhibitive coatings are outlined. In the past decades, several alternatives to organic solvent-borne coatings have reached the commercial market. This review also presents some of these technologies and discusses some of their advantages and limitations. Finally, some of the mechanisms leading to degradation and failure of organic coating systems are described, and the reported types of adhesion loss are discussed.

Anticorrosive coatings: a review

Adhesion of polymers

Provided is an organic electroluminescence device having high luminous efficiency, high heat resistance and an extremely long lifetime. The organic electroluminescence device of the present invention includes an organic thin film layer composed of one or more layers containing at least a light emitting layer is interposed between a cathode and an anode. The light emitting layer includes a compound containing a condensed ring and a luminescent metal complex capable of emitting light having a red-based color. It is preferable that the compound containing a condensed ring includes a host material, while the luminescent metal complex capable of emitting light having a red-based color includes a phosphorescent dopant.

Organic Electroluminescent Device

Hydrogen production by photocatalytic water-splitting using Cr- or Fe-doped TiO2 composite thin films photocatalyst

The ternary compound TiAlN coating has been known to be superior to binary compound TiN in protecting tools, which may be damaged by high thermal load. In the present study, TiAlN coatings are deposited on stainless (AISI 316L) and carbon steel substrates by using DC sputtering technique. The structure of TiAlN coatings with different Al contents is studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that the structure evolves from the cubic B1 type of TiN to the hexagonal phase of AlN when the Al content increases from 0 to 70 at.%. The oxidation behavior of deposited TiAlN coatings with different Al concentrations are investigated at oxidation temperatures ranging from 300 to 800 °C using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is concluded that the oxidation resistance is enhanced at first and then decreases with increasing Al content, the addition of 40 at.% Al leading to the best anti-oxidation effect. Coatings of same composition exhibit the best barrier performance to hydrogen permeation.

Microstructure, oxidation and H2-permeation resistance of TiAlN films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering technique

The use of polymeric materials is often limited by low hardness, poor wear resistance and wettability considerations. The area of mechanical changes caused by ion beam treatments has been explored only to a limited extent for polymers despite their growing usage in automotive, biomedical and aerospace applications, in which traditionally metals have been used. Polycarbonate (PC) specimens were subjected to medium–high energy (160 keV) nitrogen ion implantation at different dosage. Ion irradiation, even at low fluence, can improve surface properties in a well controlled way. A colour change from amber to dark brown with increasing fluence is associated with the ion implantation process. Hardness and elastic modulus, as measured by a nanoindenter, increase dramatically with increasing N dose. The surface property improvement can be explained by cross-linking phenomena, responsible for the formation of a three-dimensionally connected rigid network. Such hypothesis is confirmed by TOF-SIMS analyses of untreated and ion bombarded specimens. Too high implanted fluence may induce progressive degradation of the PC surface. Should the thickness of the ion-modified layer be too low for a specific application, it is possible to extend the ion irradiation treatment by plasma or ion beam assisted deposition of hard semi-transparent top layers. Using such a method the advantages of both the techniques can be retained to obtain PC surfaces with optimum wear resistance properties.

Polymer surface modification by ion implantation and reactive deposition of transparent films

Ion beam induced enhanced adhesion of Au films deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene

The effect of nitrogen implantation into pure aluminium has been extensively explored, taking into account the variation of several physical and technological properties of the implanted layer. In particular, the formation of aluminium nitride, which occurs under specific choices of the implantation parameters, is associated with an increase in hardness. In this work, we consider two Al alloys (Al-7075 and Al-2011), frequently employed in the mechanical industry, with properties strongly dependent on the thermomechanical treatment. Molecular nitrogen bombardment at 150 keV (75keV N + ) was employed, up to a total dose of 3 × 10 17 N cm −2 , varying the substrate temperature from 373 to 473 K. The samples were then characterized with respect to composition, structure, morphology, microhardness, scratch resistance (also performing multi-pass testing) and friction coefficient. The results were interpreted within the framework of micromechanical models describing the hardness of thin coatings deposited onto soft substrates; the microhardness of the implanted layer increased by a factor of five. It appears that nitrogen-implanted aluminium alloy layers, in spite of their shallow thickness, behave better than hard TiN-coated surfaces. Care must be taken to implant both alloys at the lowest possible temperature to avoid degradation of the substrate properties.

M. Adami

Papers

Hydrogen production by photocatalytic water-splitting using Cr- or Fe-doped TiO2 composite thin films photocatalyst

Microstructure, oxidation and H2-permeation resistance of TiAlN films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering technique

Polymer surface modification by ion implantation and reactive deposition of transparent films

Ion beam induced enhanced adhesion of Au films deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene

Mechanical behaviour of nitrogen-implanted aluminium alloys