http://aoatools.aua.gr/pilotec/files/bibliography/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal-4026835713/Biofuels%20(alcohols%20and%20biodiesel)%20applications%20as%20fuels%20for%20internal.pdf

Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines

Bioethanol is an attractive biofuel having potential for energy security and environmental safety over fossil fuels. To date, numerous biomass resources have been investigated for bioethanol production, which can broadly be classified into sugars, starch and lignocellulosic biomass. However, conversion of biomass into ethanol varies considerably depending on the nature of feedstock, primarily due to the variation in biochemical composition, and so, only a few feedstocks have been exploited commercially. In recent years, the conversion process of biomass has been improved significantly, even though most of these achievements are yet to be implemented in commercial facility. All the major steps in a typical conversion process, particularly fermentation of sugars that is the common step for all biomass, are greatly influenced by microorganisms. A traditional yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a bacterial species, Zymomonas mobilis, are widely used in the ethanol fermentation technology. Many factors affect ethanol production process, and the final yield is directly associated with the optimum conditions of these attributes. This review paper presents an overview on the first and second generation bioethanol production with a particular attention to the potential of various biomass sources, technological approaches, role of microorganisms and factors affecting ethanol production process.

Bioethanol production from renewable sources: Current perspectives and technological progress

The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions

This study concerns the use of ethanol as a gasoline (petrol) additive, at levels around 10% by volume (‘E10’) as well as an 85% blend (‘E85’). By detailed reviews of the peer-reviewed and technical literature, five environmental aspects of ethanol enrichment are examined: (1) its purported reduction in air pollutant emissions; (2) its potential impact on subsurface soils and groundwater; (3) its purported reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; (4) the energy efficiency of ethanol; and (5) the overall sustainability of ethanol production. The study indicates that E10 is of debatable air pollution merit (and may in fact increase the production of photochemical smog); offers little advantage in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency or environmental sustainability; and will significantly increase both the risk and severity of soil and groundwater contamination. In contrast, E85 offers significant greenhouse gas benefits, however it will produce significant air pollution impacts, involves substantial risks to biodiversity, and its groundwater contamination impacts and overall sustainability are largely unknown.

Ethanol in gasoline : environmental impacts and sustainability review article

Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network

http://aoatools.aua.gr/pilotec/files/bibliography/Effect%20of%20ethanol–unleaded%20gasoline%20(Al-Hasan)-0118990848/Effect%20of%20ethanol–unleaded%20gasoline%20(Al-Hasan).pdf

M Al-Hasan

Papers

Effect of ethanol-unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emission