Synthetic Principles for Bandgap Control in Linear pi-Conjugated Systems.

Progress in preparation, processing and applications of polyaniline

Electrochemical energy storage systems (batteries) have a tremendous role in technical applications In this review the authors examine the prospects of electroactive polymers in view of the properties required for such batteries Conducting organic polymers are considered here in the light of their rugged chemical environment: organic solvents, acids, and alkalis The goal of the present article is to provide, first of all in tabular form, a survey of electroactive polymers in view of potential applications in rechargeable batteries It reviews the preparative methods and the electrochemical performance of polymers as rechargeable battery electrodes The theoretical values of specific charge of the polymers are comparable to those of metal oxide electrodes, but are not as high as those of most of the metal electrodes normally used in batteries Therefore, it is an advantage in conventional battery designs to use the conducting polymer as a positive electrode material in combination with a negative electrode such as Li, Na, Mg, Zn, MeH{sub x}, etc 504 refs

Electrochemically Active Polymers for Rechargeable Batteries.

Polyaniline: a polymer with many interesting intrinsic redox states

Counter-ion induced processibility of conducting polyaniline and of conducting polyblends of polyaniline in bulk polymers

The emeraldine oxidation state of polyaniline in its base form, “emeraldine base” can be solution-processed to yield large flexible films which can be doped to the metallic conducting regime (σ ∼ 1-5 S/cm). The approximate solubility of emeraldine base at room temperature in 80% aqueous acetic acid, 60% and 88% aqueous formic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) have been determined. Both emeraldine base and emeraldine hydrochloride can be sublimed onto a variety of substrates to produce high quality, ∼2000 A thick films which are similar but not identical to emeraldine base. Emeraldine base, which is slowly oxidized by air, can be reconverted to the emeraldine oxidation state by treatment with dilute aqueous acids.

Polyaniline: Solutions, Films and Oxidation State

Polyaniline: Processability from aqueous solutions and effect of water vapor on conductivity

An experimental study of the temperature- ($T$) dependent dc conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, the electric field ($E$) dependence of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, and the $T$-dependent thermopower $S$ as a function of protonation level ($0.0lx\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{[{\mathrm{H}}^{+}]}{[\mathrm{N}]}\ensuremath{\leqq}0.5$) of emeraldine polymer is presented. The conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(300 \mathrm{K})$ varies from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ to 10 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with increasing protonation, while $\ensuremath{\sigma}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{{T}_{0}}{T})}^{\frac{1}{2}}]$, with ${T}_{0}$ decreasing with increasing $x$. Above a threshold field ${E}_{t}$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{E}_{0}}{E})$, with ${E}_{0}$ constant. The thermopower $S$ changes sign with increasing $x$ and is proportional to $T$ for $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.5$. The transport properties are the first systematic evidence for the formation of a granular polymeric metal.

Transport studies of protonated emeraldine polymer: A granular polymeric metal system

ac conductivity of emeraldine polymer

http://www.phys.ufl.edu/%7Etanner/PDFS/Epstein87sm-polyanaline.pdf

M. Angelopoulos

Papers

Polyaniline: Solutions, Films and Oxidation State

Polyaniline: Processability from aqueous solutions and effect of water vapor on conductivity

Transport studies of protonated emeraldine polymer: A granular polymeric metal system

ac conductivity of emeraldine polymer

Insulator-to-metal transition in polyaniline: Effect of protonation in emeraldine