This paper discusses distributed generation which is emerging as a new paradigm to produce on-site highly reliable and good quality electrical power. Thus, the DG systems are presented as a suitable form to offer highly reliable electrical power supply. The concept is particularly interesting when different kinds of energy resources are available, such as photovoltaic (PV) panels, fuel cells (FCs), or wind turbines.

Distributed Generation: Toward a New Energy Paradigm

PEM fuel cell system control: A review

This paper presents an energy management method in an electrical hybrid power source (EHPS) for electric vehicular applications. The method is based on the flatness control technique (FCT) and fuzzy logic control (FLC). This EHPS is composed of a fuel cell system as the main source and two energy storage sources (ESSs)-a bank of supercapacitors (SCs) and a bank of batteries (BATs)-as the auxiliary source. With this hybridization, the volume and mass of the EHPS can be reduced, because the high energy density of BAT and high power density of SC are utilized. In the proposed novel control strategy, the FCT is used to manage the energy between the main and the auxiliary sources, and the FLC is employed to share the power flow in the ESS between the SC and the BAT. The power sharing depends on the load power and the state of charge of the SC and the BAT. EHPS is controlled by the regulation of the stored electrostatic energy in the dc buses. The main property of this strategy is that the energy management in the power source is carried out with a single general control algorithm in different operating modes, consequently avoiding any algorithm commutation. An EHPS test bench has been assembled and equipped with a real-time system controller based on a dSPACE. The experimental results validate the efficiency of the proposed control strategy.

Energy Management of a Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor/Battery Power Source for Electric Vehicular Applications

https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/10035559/Accepted_Author_Manuscript.pdf

Developments of electric cars and fuel cell hydrogen electric cars

Emerging issues on fuel price and greenhouse gas emissions have attracted attention on the alternative energy sources, especially in transportation sector. The transportation sector accounts for 40% of total fuel consumption. Thus, an increasing number of studies have been conducted on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and their energy management system (EMS). This paper focuses on reviews of EMSs for fuel cell (FC) based HEV in combination with battery and super-capacitor, respectively. Various aspects and classifications of fuel cell–HEV EMS are explained in this paper. Different types of FC–HEV control models and algorithms derived from simulation and experiment are explained in details for an analytical justification for the most optimal control strategy. The performances of the various combinations of FC–HEV system are summarized in the table along with relevant references. This paper provides comprehensive survey of FC–HEV on their source combination, models, energy management system (EMS) etc. developed by various researchers. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing technologies more or less are capable to perform well; however, the reliability and the intelligent systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, current issues and challenges on the FC–HEV technologies are highlighted with a brief suggestions and discussion for the progress of future FC–HEV vehicle research. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of economic, longer lifetime, hydrogen viable, efficient electronic interface and well performed EMS for future FC–HEV.

A review on energy management system for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle: Issues and challenges

The aim of this paper is to present the practical control structure (PCS) and energy management strategy of a testbed hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This vehicle is equipped with batteries, a supercapacitor system, and a fuel cell system (FCS). The PCS, based on the energetic macroscopic representation methodology, is used to evaluate and compare the different energy management strategies to be implemented in the vehicle. This paper introduces a dynamic strategy to manage the energy in the hybrid electric vehicle; this strategy uses a fuzzy logic controller and considers the slow dynamics in the FCS, the vehicle speed, and the state of charge in the supercapacitors.

Practical Control Structure and Energy Management of a Testbed Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The durability and performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) have a major impact on the most important challenges facing fuel cell commercialization including final cost, mass production, system integration, functionality and reliability. This work is supported by French Government via an ANR' project (PAN'H) named SPACT80. The global objective is to develop and validate the use of a fuel cell based power system for heavy-duty vehicles (dedicated to railway applications or hybrid electrical trucks). In the framework of this program, this paper focuses on the influence of the DC/DC power converter high frequency current ripples on Fuel Cell (FC) stack durability. A comparison between the results of two ageing tests performed during 1000 hours on two PEM fuel cell stacks with five single cells is here achieved. The reference experiment has been obtained on a first 600 W stack operating in stationary regime at roughly nominal conditions during 1000 hours. The second experiment is done on another 600 W stack operated in dynamic current testing conditions. During both experiments, measurements were performed at regular time-spaced intervals. Three different characterizations are illustrated in this article; polarization curve test, historic curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements.

Impact of power converter current ripple on the durability of a fuel cell stack

The six-driven-wheel Electric Propulsion Demonstrator (DPE 6 × 6) is a military hybrid vehicle. Due to reliability demands, high redundancy is required, and the architecture is quite complex. A simulation model of this vehicle is proposed in this paper. The simulation model must allow the analysis of various power flows of the system. Moreover, this model has to be used to develop an efficient energy-management strategy. For these reasons, a graphical description [energetic macroscopic representation (EMR)] is used to develop the model in a systemic approach. The simulation model is, thus, described and validated from experimental results.

Simulation Model of a Military HEV With a Highly Redundant Architecture

This paper presents a static and dynamic modeling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for transportation applications. Electrochemical analysis is performed to get an equivalent circuit of the fuel cell, which can be used, in the simulation of the power generator (association of the fuel cell and its converter). Experimental polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to identify model parameters and to validate simulation results. Finally, experimental response to a current step is compared to the proposed model.

M.C. Pera

Papers

Practical Control Structure and Energy Management of a Testbed Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Impact of power converter current ripple on the durability of a fuel cell stack

Simulation Model of a Military HEV With a Highly Redundant Architecture

Dynamic PEM fuel cell modeling for automotive applications

A macroscopic PEM fuel cell model including water phenomena for vehicle simulation