A review of smart homes-Present state and future challenges

Recent work in field of neuroprosthetics has demonstrated that by observing the simultaneous activity of many neurons in specific regions of the brain, it is possible to produce control signals that allow animals or humans to drive cursors or prosthetic limbs directly through thoughts. As neuroprosthetic devices transition from experimental to clinical use, there is a need for fully-implantable amplification and telemetry electronics in close proximity to the recording sites. To address these needs, we developed a prototype integrated circuit for wireless neural recording from a 100-channel microelectrode array. The design of both the system-level architecture and the individual circuits were driven by severe power constraints for small implantable devices; chronically heating tissue by only a few degrees Celsius leads to cell death. Due to the high data rate produced by 100 neural signals, the system must perform data reduction as well. We use a combination of a low-power ADC and an array of "spike detectors" to reduce the transmitted data rate while preserving critical information. The complete system receives power and commands (at 6.5 kb/s) wirelessly over a 2.64-MHz inductive link and transmits neural data back at a data rate of 330 kb/s using a fully-integrated 433-MHz FSK transmitter. The 4.7times5.9 mm2 chip was fabricated in a 0.5-mum 3M2P CMOS process and consumes 13.5 mW of power. While cross-chip interference limits performance in single-chip operation, a two-chip system was used to record neural signals from a Utah Electrode Array in cat cortex and transmit the digitized signals wirelessly to a receiver

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A Low-Power Integrated Circuit for a Wireless 100-Electrode Neural Recording System

The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for measuring an analyte in a host. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for transcutaneous measurement of glucose in a host.

Transcutaneous analyte sensor

Systems and methods for applying time-dependent algorithmic compensation functions to data output from a continuous analyte sensor. Some embodiments determine a time since sensor implantation and/or whether a newly initialized sensor has been used previously.

Systems and methods for processing analyte sensor data

Systems and methods for integrating a continuous glucose sensor, including a receiver, a medicament delivery device, and optionally a single point glucose monitor are provided. Manual integrations provide for a physical association between the devices wherein a user (for example, patient or doctor) manually selects the amount, type, and/or time of delivery. Semi-automated integration of the devices includes integrations wherein an operable connection between the integrated components aids the user (for example, patient or doctor) in selecting, inputting, calculating, or validating the amount, type, or time of medicament delivery of glucose values, for example, by transmitting data to another component and thereby reducing the amount of user input required. Automated integration between the devices includes integrations wherein an operable connection between the integrated components provides for full control of the system without required user interaction.

Integrated delivery device for continuous glucose sensor

The single-channel implantable microstimulator device measures 2/spl times/2/spl times/10 mm/sup 3/ and can be inserted into paralyzed muscle groups by expulsion from a hypodermic needle. Power and data to the device are supplied from outside by RF telemetry using an amplitude-modulated 2-MHz RF carrier generated using a high-efficiency class-E transmitter. The transmitted signal carries a 5-b address which selects one of the 32 possible microstimulators. The selected device then delivers up to 2 /spl mu/C of charge stored in a tantalum chip capacitor for up to 200 /spl mu/s (10 mA) into loads of <800 /spl Omega/ through a high-current thin-film iridium-oxide (IrO/sub x/) electrode (/spl sim/0.3 mm/sup 2/ in area). A bi-CMOS receiver circuitry is used to: generate two regulated voltage supplies (4.5 and 9 V), recover a 2-MHz clock from the carrier, demodulate the address code, and activate the output current delivery circuitry upon the reception of an external command. The overall power dissipation of the receiver circuitry is 45-55 mW. The implant is hermetically packaged using a custom-made glass capsule.

/pdf/a-single-channel-implantable-microstimulator-for-functional-49hnypkb8k.pdf

A single-channel implantable microstimulator for functional neuromuscular stimulation

This paper presents a multichannel implantable microstimulator to be used for functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). The microstimulator receives power and data through wireless RF telemetry and incorporates voltage regulators, clock recovery, data detection, output drivers, and an active on-chip transmitter onto a single BiCMOS IC chip measuring 1.4mmx13.5mm and dissipating only 40mW of power. The chip can deliver programmable amplitude (1-10mA) and duration (1- 256/spl mu/sec) current pulses into tissue through eight on-chip electrodes. An on chip transmitter and integrated coil allow data transmission out on an AM modulated 33MHz RF carrier for closed-loop system control.

M.D. Nardin

Papers

A single-channel implantable microstimulator for functional neuromuscular stimulation

A Multichannel Neuromuscular Microstimulator With Bi-directional Telemetry