The design of green and sustainable extraction methods of natural products is currently a hot research topic in the multidisciplinary area of applied chemistry, biology and technology. Herein we aimed to introduce the six principles of green-extraction, describing a multifaceted strategy to apply this concept at research and industrial level. The mainstay of this working protocol are new and innovative technologies, process intensification, agro-solvents and energy saving. The concept, principles and examples of green extraction here discussed, offer an updated glimpse of the huge technological effort that is being made and the diverse applications that are being developed.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01329563/document

Green Extraction of Natural Products: Concept and Principles

The current rapid development of green analytical chemistry (GAC) requires clear, concise guidelines in the form of GAC principles that will be helpful in greening laboratory practices. The existing principles of green chemistry and green engineering need revision for their use in GAC because they do not fully meet the needs of analytical chemistry. In this article we propose a set of 12 principles consisting of known concepts (i.e. reduction in the use of reagents and energy, and elimination of waste, risk and hazard) together with some new ideas (i.e. the use of natural reagents), which will be important for the future of GAC.

The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic of green analytical practices

We propose the analytical Eco-Scale as a novel comprehensive approach to evaluating the greenness of analytical methodology. It is based on assigning penalty points to parameters of an analytical process that are not in agreement with the ideal green analysis. This approach compares different parameters and different steps of the analytical process. Traditional green chemistry metrics (e.g., Atom Economy, E-factor and Reaction Mass Efficiency), which were introduced for organic preparations, do not usually fit the purposes of green analytical chemistry. Existing databases for evaluation of green analytical methods refer to known procedures and instruments, and do not encourage new, more environmentally-friendly equivalents. As an alternative to traditional green chemistry metrics, the analytical Eco-Scale can be a good, semi-quantitative tool.

Analytical eco-scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures

https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(13)00015-2.pdf

The greener synthesis of nanoparticles

https://mostwiedzy.pl/pl/publication/download/1/a-new-tool-for-the-evaluation-of-the-analytical-procedure-green-analytical-procedure-index_24146.pdf

A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index.

We discuss the origins and the fundamentals of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC), based on the literature published about clean, environmentally-friendly or GAC methods. We pay special attention to the strategies and the tools available to make sample-pretreatment and analytical methods greener. We consider that the main principles are to replace toxic reagents, to miniaturize and to automate methods, making it possible to reduce dramatically the amounts of reagents consumed and wastes generated, so reducing or avoiding side effects of analytical methods. We also consider on-line decontamination or passivation of wastes to be of special interest in making analytical chemistry sustainable.

/pdf/green-analytical-chemistry-2j89cop1pd.pdf

Green Analytical Chemistry

e emerging eld of green analytical chemistry is concerned with the development of analytical procedures that minimize consumption of hazardous reagents and solvents, and maximize safety for operators and the environment. In recent years there have been signi cant developments in methodological and technological tools to prevent and reduce the deleterious e ects of analytical activities; key strategies include recycling, replacement, reduction and detoxi cation of reagents and solvents.

Handbook of green analytical chemistry

This book provides basic coverage of the fundamentals and principles of green chemistry as it applies to chemical analysis. The main goal of Green Analytical Chemistry is to avoid or reduce the undesirable environmental side effects of chemical analysis, while preserving the classic analytical parameters of accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, and precision. The authors review the main strategies for greening analytical methods, concentrating on minimizing sample preparation and handling, reducing solvent and reagent consumption, reducing energy consumption, minimizing of waste, operator safety and the economic savings that this approach offers. Suggestions are made to educators and editors to standardize terminology in order to facilitate the identification of analytical studies on green alternatives in the literature because there is not a wide and generalized use of a common term that can group efforts to prevent waste, avoid the use of potentially toxic reagents or solvents and those involving the decontamination of wastes. * provides environmentally-friendly alternatives to established analytical practice* focuses on the cost-saving opportunities offered* emphasis on laboratory personnel safety

Green Analytical Chemistry: Theory and Practice

Evaluation of infrared spectroscopy as a screening tool for serum analysis: Impact of the nature of samples included in the calibration set

NIR offers multiple advantages for serum analysis, permitting a fast and direct determination of several parameters simultaneously, with low sample handling and without the need for reagents during the measurement step. The aim of this paper was to provide an evaluation of this technique in a real world scale, for the simultaneous determination of several parameters and based on a considerable number of samples. Direct near infrared (NIR) absorbance measurements were used to determine the concentration of clinical parameters in human serum that are required in routine biochemical tests. Total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL cholesterol), triglycerides, urea and glucose were determined in 447 serum samples obtained randomly from the clinical laboratory of the University Hospital Doctor Peset in Valencia (Spain). NIR spectra from 12 500 to 4000 cm−1 obtained with a 1 mm optical path length were evaluated by using partial least squares regression models (PLS) built from the spectra of samples with known concentrations provided by the hospital. Root mean square error cross-validation (RMSECV) was used for selecting a number of factors, spectral regions and spectral preprocessing considered to build the models, that were evaluated from their prediction capability using the relative root mean square error of prediction (RRMSEP) of a series of around 30 independent samples, not used for calibration. For some analytes such as total protein, albumin, total cholesterol and triglycerides, errors obtained were 2.3, 4.4, 5.1, and 6.2% respectively, evidencing that the proposed methodology could compete with the enzymatic reference methodologies. However in the case of urea, glucose, HDL and LDL, average errors obtained were 16.0, 16.2, 18.0 and 11.0% respectively, and therefore the NIR methodology proposed is limited as a screening tool. With the use of a considerable number of samples for calibration, this study confirms that the proposed green and cost-effective methodology is ready for scaling up from the bench to the real world.

M. de la Guardia

Papers

Green Analytical Chemistry

Handbook of green analytical chemistry

Green Analytical Chemistry: Theory and Practice

Evaluation of infrared spectroscopy as a screening tool for serum analysis: Impact of the nature of samples included in the calibration set

Determination of biochemical parameters in human serum by near-infrared spectroscopy