Enzymatic hydrolysis is the significant technique for the conversion of agricultural wastes into valuable products. Agroindustrial wastes such as rice bran, wheat bran, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and corncob are cheapest and plentifully available natural carbon sources for the production of industrially important enzymes. Innumerable enzymes that have numerous applications in industrial processes for food, drug, textile, and dye use have been produced from different types of microorganisms from agricultural wastes. Utilization of agricultural wastes offers great potential for reducing the production cost and increasing the use of enzymes for industrial purposes. This chapter focuses on economic production of actinobacterial enzymes from agricultural wastes to make a better alternative for utilization of biomass generated in million tons as waste annually.

Production of Enzymes From Agricultural Wastes and Their Potential Industrial Applications.

Amylase is an industrially important enzyme and applied in many industrial processes such as saccharification of starchy materials, food, pharmaceutical, detergent, and textile industries. This research work deals with the optimization of fermentation conditions for α-amylase production from thermophilic bacterial strain Bacillus sp. BCC 01-50 and characterization of crude amylase. The time profile of bacterial growth and amylase production was investigated in synthetic medium and maximum enzyme titer was observed after 60 h. In addition, effects of different carbon sources were tested as a substrate for amylase production and molasses was found to be the best. Various organic and inorganic compounds, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, urea, yeast extract, tryptone, beef extract, and peptone, were used and beef extract was found to be the best among the nitrogen sources used. Temperature, pH, agitation speed, and size of inoculum were also optimized. Highest enzyme activity was obtained when the strain was cultured in molasses medium for 60 h in shaking incubator (150 rpm) at 50°C and pH 8. Crude amylase showed maximal activity at pH 9 and 65°C. Enzyme remained stable in alkaline pH range 9-10 and 60–70°C. Crude amylase showed great potential for its application in detergent industry and saccharification of starchy materials.

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Production and Partial Characterization of α-Amylase Enzyme from Bacillus sp. BCC 01-50 and Potential Applications

Biorefinery operations may be made more cost competitive through use of cheaper feedstocks (e.g. lignocellulosic wastes) and integration of multiple revenue streams. Current methods for converting lignocellulosics into valuable products are inefficient and expensive due to the complexity of the feedstock. By looking to nature, however, these expensive and complex processes may be consolidated into a simple, cheap, and environmentally benign process. The findings of this review demonstrate that the diversity of filamentous fungi is such that each step of the biorefining process may be catalyzed by a number of different species. While no single microorganism may catalyze all the process steps, by combining certain strains and targeting multiple products, the complete valorization of biomass may be achieved. This review describes in detail the variety of valuable chemical products that filamentous fungi produce, the variety of substrates used to produce these chemicals, and methods for maximizing production. The technical and economic findings herein demonstrate the means by which a successful integrated biorefinery model may be devised using filamentous fungi.

Status of filamentous fungi in integrated biorefineries

Industrial fermentation is the process that has been used in the production of a variety of bio-products that have a broad area of applications. Among the processes, the Solid State Fermentation (SSF) is vital, and its utilization has been growing every day. It is used in many industries including fertilizers, pharma, and food, where it has gained its importance as a substitute for the Submerged Fermentation (SmF). One primary application of SSF is in the production of enzymes that can be used for therapeutic purposes, whose yield is low and cost is higher in case of conventional methods. The major advantage of using SSF is the fact that raw materials for this process are obtained from agricultural wastes and to an extent some industrially produced wastes can be utilized. The usage of SSF is limited because of its inability to be used in large-scale production and in the extraction of the required products. The primary requirement is to overcome any difficulties that are associated with the currently used industrial bioreactors. Important factors that have to be considered is that every reactor has its own significance, and they can give a much better result when compared to other bioreactors; an extensive study has to be done to determine which bioreactors have a better capability on any particular enzyme. The main aim of this review is to study the limitations (e.g. heat transfer) of the conventional bioreactors that are available and how to overcome these limitations shall be addressed in the review.

Design of solid state bioreactor for industrial applications: An overview to conventional bioreactors

In the present investigation, the main aim is to identify and characterize the potential drought tolerant plant growth promoting consortium for agricultural productivity. Three bacterial isolates were isolated from hot spring of Chumathang area of Leh district. Bacillus species (BHUJP-H1, BHUJP-H2, and BHUJP-H3) were done some biochemical tests including catalase, cellulase, amylase, indole-3-acetic acid, phosphate solubilisation, production of ammonia, siderophore, and hydrogen cyanide. Molecular characterization of isolates was done by 16S rDNA sequencing, e.g., Bacillus subtilis BHUJP-H1 (KU312403), Bacillus sp. BHUJP-H2 (KU312404) and B. licheniformis BHUJP-H3 (KU312405). The genetic diversity of the isolates was assessed by seven inter simple sequence repeat, all primer shows high polymorphism. The highest polymorphism efficiency and polymorphism information content showed by UBC-809 and UBC-836 which were 100% and 0.44 respectively, the lowest is by UBC-807 75% and 0.28 respectively. On an average 90.69% polymorphism efficiency and 0.40 polymorphism information contents obtained by used markers. The highest, 11.08 and the lowest, 4.50 effective multiplex ratios obtained for primer UBC-823 and UBC-807, on an average 7.99 effective multiplex ratio obtained. The highest, 4.89 and the lowest, 1.25 marker indexes obtained by UBC-836 and UBC-807 respectively and on an average 3.24 obtained. The UPGMA cluster analysis divided a population into two clusters I and II, in which BHUJP-H1 and BHUJP-H2 grouped under same while BHUJP-H3 grouped under another cluster. The treatment combination of Bacillus subtilis BHUJP-H1, B. subtilis BHUJP-H1+ B. licheniformis BHUJP-H3 and B. subtilis BHUJP-H1+ Bacillus sp. BHUJP-H2+ B. licheniformis BHUJP-H3 were recorded better combination for enhancing plant growth attributes of Vigna radiata as compared to control and others. The plant growth promoting consortium, e.g., Bacillus subtilis BHUJP-H1, Bacillus subtilis BHUJP-H1+ B. licheniformis BHUJP-H3 and B. subtilis BHUJP-H1+ Bacillus sp. BHUJP-H2+ B. licheniformis BHUJP-H3 can be further used as effective microbial inoculant for enhancing the production of mungbean in field conditions. Bacillus sp. BHUJP-H1 and Bacillus sp. BHUJP-H2 may use as drought tolerant plant growth promoting consortium for enhancing the sustainable agricultural productivity.

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Characterization and Screening of Thermophilic Bacillus Strains for Developing Plant Growth Promoting Consortium From Hot Spring of Leh and Ladakh Region of India.

M. El-Sawy

Papers

Production of amylases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens under submerged fermentation using some agro-industrial by-products