Environmentally extended input-output analysis is the prevailing method for national environmental footprint accounting; however, its practical usefulness for consumers and policy makers suffers from lack of detail. Several extensive global multiregional input-output (MRIO) databases have recently been released. A standard framework for linking such databases with the highly detailed household expenditure surveys that are conducted regularly by national statistics offices has the potential of providing analysts in countries worldwide with a powerful tool for in-depth analyses of their national environmental footprints. In this article, we combine the Norwegian consumer expenditure survey with a global MRIO database to assess the carbon footprint (CF) of Norwegian household consumption in 2012, as well as its annual development since 1999. We offer a didactic account of the practical challenges associated with the combination of these types of data sets and the approach taken here to address these, and we discuss what barriers still remain before such analyses can be practically conducted and provide reliable results. We find a CF of 22.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per household in 2012, a 26% increase since 1999. Transport, housing, and food were the expenditures contributing the most toward the total footprint. CF per unit of expenditure increased with overall expenditure levels (elasticity: 1.14), notably owing to the correlation between overall household expenditure and transport activities (elasticity: 1.48). Household energy use, which is generally inelastic, is, in Norway, largely based on hydropower and hence contributes comparatively little to the overall expenditure elasticity of household CF.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/JIEC_JIEC12405.pdf?abstractid=2800400&mirid=3

The carbon footprint of norwegian household consumption 1999–2012

In this paper a framework for computing input—output coefficients and multipliers is considered which draws upon the so-called total-flow approach. The total-flow indicators express the total effect of a change in gross output rather than in final-demand deliveries. It is shown that these indicators significantly differ from their final-demand counterparts in their absolute values and in their ranking of input—output sectors. It is demonstrated that the final-demand-based coefficients and multipliers fail to express an overall effect of an industrial activity (economic sector) and caution must be used in their empirical applications and interpretations.

Input—Output Coefficients and Multipliers from a Total-Flow Perspective

An environmentally extendedSocial Accounting Matrix (SAM) has beenconstructed for Brazil for the first time. Wereview in detail previous studies in thisfield, describe the construction, structure anddata sources of the Brazilian SAM, anddemonstrate the effect of system closure.Examining a range of type-I and type-IImultipliers, we show that incomes generated byfinal consumption are highly skewed towardsrich households, but energy requirements andcarbon emissions are higher for the consumptionof the poor. A significant negative correlationexists between employment and income on onehand, and energy requirements and carbonemissions on the other, while a significantpositive correlation exists between imports,and energy and carbon. These correlationsdemonstrate that there is scope for policiesthat pursue imports substitution and reduceenergy consumption and carbon emissions whilstincreasing employment and income.

Environmental and Social Accounting for Brazil

In recent years, the debate about demographic changes and its impacts on the economy has increased The growth in the relative share of elderly people in the age pyramid may occur in the coming dec

Demographic change in Brazil and its impacts on CO2 emissions

The aim of this article is to analyze the responsibilities of Spanish households, as final consumers, for the generation of domestic greenhouse gases emissions (GHG), by region of residence, distinguishing between NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 (autonomous regions). The motivation is the process of convergence experimented by Spanish regions based on the strong economic growth experienced by the country until 2008, which could results in different emissions responsibilities because of different lifestyles and production structures. We examine in depth the relationships between a representative household in each region and its patterns of consumption. Although we do find a relationship between per capita income and regional responsibility for pollution generation, it is based on a demand scale effect, which overlaps the effects of the regional consumption patterns. Thus, in the richest regions (Madrid, Northeast, East), despite their having a less polluting pattern than other regions, the level of per capita em...

Domestic GHG emissions and the responsibility of households in Spain: looking for regional differences

In this paper we extend the traditional Miyazawa framework to analyze the interrelations between income, age and income-age subgroups in the income formation process. Our model is constructed using the 1972 U.S. input-output table and data from the 1972 Consumer Expenditure Survey, the 1972 National Income and Product Accounts and the 1980 Census. There are a number of interesting trends in the data that indicate age is an important disaggregation criterion. Three different income bases are specified: gross, disposable and consumption, and we examine the sensitivity of the interrelational multipliers to the income base specification. We compare our results with the findings of Rose and Beaumont, who conducted a similar study, but considered only income, rather than income and age. Our results show that the income-age disaggregation adds considerable information to a household endogenous input-output model and that multiplier values and trends vary significantly with income base specification.

M.L. Sastry

Papers

Economic-demographic linkages in an extended U.S. input—output model: the impact of income and age