A comprehensive review is presented of the extractive metallurgy of rare earths. The topics covered are: world rare earth resources and production; ore processing and separation of individual rare earths; reduction, refining, and ultrapurification of rare earth elements; methods for rare earth materials analysis; and a selection of the numerous rare earth applications. World rare earth reserves are abundant and would last for well beyond the next century. However, all of the 16 naturally occurring rare earth elements are not equally distributed in the ore minerals. This, compounded with the problems specific to the isolation and recovery of each of the rare earths, sets the stage for an unequal rare earth availability. The close chemical similarity of rare earths looses its importance when divergent physical properties determine the processes for rare earth element reduction and refining. The rare earth metals, alloys, and compounds have been as pure as could be determined. Finally, the commercial...

Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths

Complexes of the Rare Earths

Radiochemical studies of fission product lanthanum and lanthanides—I Isolation of trace lanthanides using non-isotopic carrier and drop elution technique

Portable liquid chromatograph for mobile laboratories I. Aims

Chromatographic species are continuously separated by displacement chromatography using an apparatus that comprises an inlet distribution manifold, a particulate bed, and a plurality of collector receptacles. The particulate bed is moved with respect to the inlet distributor manifold and the collector receptacles.

M.L. Sizeland

Papers

The rapid separation of rare-earth fission products by cation exchange, using lactic-acid eluant