https://eprints.usq.edu.au/5001/3/Ghobadian_Rahimi_Nikbakht_Najafi_Yusaf__2009_Author_postprint.pdf.pdf

Diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using waste cooking biodiesel fuel with an artificial neural network

This article is a literature review of use of biodiesel fuel for compression ignition engines. This study is based on the reports of about 50 scientists including (some manufacturers and agencies) who published their results between 1900 and 2005. The scientists and researchers conducted the test, using different types of raw and refined oils. These experiments with raw biodiesel as fuel did not show the satisfactory results, when they used the raw biodiesel. The fuel showed injector coking and piston ring sticking.

Some of the scientists mixed with methanol or ethanol in presence of KOH or NaOH and then filtered and washed. The process is called transeterfication and is used to degum, dewax and to remove triglycerides from the vegetable oils. Transeterfication decreases the viscosity, density and flash point of the fuel. The results obtained, by using such oils in compression ignition engines as fuel, were satisfactory only for short term.

A vast majority of scientists mixed the transesterified biodiesel oil with diesel with different ratios. When tested in long run, blends of the oil above 20% (B20) caused maintenance problems and even sometimes damaged the engine. Some authors reported success in using vegetable oils as diesel fuel extenders in blends of more than 20% even in long-term studies.

The main conclusion derived by the researchers is that coking is a potentially serious problem with the use of unmodified vegetable biodiesel. However, the refined, chemically processed and degumed vegetable oil mixed with diesel can be used to run compression ignition engine for longer duration.

It was reported that there was a slight decrease in brake power and a slight increase in fuel consumption. However, the lubricant properties of the biodiesel are better than diesel, which can help to increase the engine life. Moreover, the biodiesel fuel is environment friendly, produces much less NOx and HC and absolutely no Sox and no increase in CO2 at global level.

A review of biodiesel as vehicular fuel

Alarming situation of world energy stimulated the researchers to look for new sources of fuel, which must be renewable, locally available and environmentally benign In this regard, the significance of biodiesel as technically and commercially viable alternative to fossil-diesel has led to intense research in the field Biodiesel is made from different feedstock depending on the availability This paper analyzes the performance and emission of biodiesel from different feedstock The main advantage of biodiesel is that it potentially reduces the key pollutants, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matters While several researchers have looked at the impact of biodiesel on these pollutants, only few publications discussed the effect of fatty acid composition on performance and emission characteristics An attempt has been carried out to discuss the effect of biodiesel in terms of performance and emissions based upon composition and properties of the respective biodiesel The results of the study show that different chemical compositions of biodiesel based upon their origin lead to variation in their properties and performance and emission characteristics Biodiesel produced from saturated feedstock reduce NOx emission and resistive to oxidation but exhibit poor atomization However, many further research needs to be carried out to understand the relationship between the type of biodiesel feedstock and performance and emission

Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel from different origins: A review

The global fossil fuel crisis and emission problems lead to investigations on alternative fuels. In this quest, a successful finding is the partial substitution of diesel with ethanol/bioethanol rather than completely replacing it. These blends of diesel and ethanol/bioethanol can be used in the existing CI engines without any major modifications and the most significant result of using this blend is the lower emission with almost the same performance as of diesel fuel alone. Two major drawbacks of using this blend are low miscibility of ethanol/bioethanol in diesel and low temperature instability of produced blend. However, biodiesel can be successfully added to prevent the phase separation of diesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend. Thus, this blend becomes stable even at lower temperatures and more amount of ethanol/bioethanol can be added to them. It is found that a maximum of 25% biodiesel and 5% of ethanol/bioethanol can be added to the diesel fuel effectively. Adding ethanol/bioethanol to diesel fuel alters the properties of the blend, which does not meet some of the standards. Biodiesel addition to this blend helps in regaining the fuel properties to the standard values and thus the blend can be efficiently used in the existing diesel engines. From the review, it can be said that, the use of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend can minimize the use of diesel fuel by approximately 25–30%.

Feasibility of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel: An assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion

Production of palm and jatropha based biodiesel and investigation of palm-jatropha combined blend properties, performance, exhaust emission and noise in an unmodified diesel engine

Crude palm oil fuel for diesel-engines: experimental and ANN simulation approaches

This paper investigates the effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on fuel properties characteristics of variable speed spark ignition (SI) engines using standard laboratory methods.  Fuel properties tests were conducted for density, API gravity, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, flash and fire point, heat value, distillation and Octane number using ethanol-gasoline blends with different percentages of ethanol. The blends selection was based on successful completion of engine standard short test carried out on a computerized four cylinders, four stroke, and variable speed SI engine with eddy current dynamometer and data logging facilities. Fuel properties test results showed that blends densities and kinematics viscosity increased continuously and linearly with increasing percentage of ethanol, while API gravity and heat value decreased with decreasing percentage of ethanol. Furthermore, cloud point, flash and fire points for blends were found to be higher than pure gasoline fuel, while distillation curves were lower. The tested blends Octane rating based on Research Octane Number (RON) increased continuously and linearly with increasing percentage of ethanol. Results from this study will be valuable on the assessment of the suitability of ethanol-gasoline blends as bio-fuel for automotive industry to cater for the country needs. Keywords : Spark ignition engine; Bio-fuel; Ethanol; Fuel properties characteristics .

Effect of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends on Fuel Properties Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engines

This paper investigates into the use of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as a fuel extender for diesel engines. Three mixtures of CPO with ordinary diesel fuel (OD) were used in a direct-injection, stationary Perkins diesel engine. The three CPO-OD mixtures contained 25%, 50% and 75% of CPO by volume. In order to reduce the viscosity of the CPO-OD mixtures they were preheated to about 60oC before injection. The paper compares the performance of these CPO-OD mixture, with that of ordinary diesel fuel, at a fixed throttle opening but variable engine speed of 1000-3000 rpm.
The results obtained show two distinct trends when the speed is below or above an intermediate speed of about 2000 rpm. At speeds lower than 1800 rpm, all three CPO-OD mixtures gave higher torque and power output, but their brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was also higher compared to that of OD. The exhaust-gas analysis show that CPO-OD mixtures gave higher emission of CO, and lower emissions of NOx, compared to that of diesel fuel. The performance of CPO-OD mixtures became comparable to that of diesel fuel at speeds above 2000 rpm. Although the brake power of CPO-OD mixtures was less than that of OD in the high-speed range, their BSFC improves. These results indicate that when the engine is fuelled by a CPO-OD mixture, the fuel-pump and injection system tend to deliver more fuel than needed at low speeds, but less fuel at high speeds

Performance and exhaust emission of a diesel engine using crude palm oil as a fuel extender

This paper studies the effectiveness and economic feasibility of gas-turbine's inlet-air cooling by air washing (AW) and wetted-media evaporative cooling (WMEC) in the hot and dry climatic conditions of Sudan. Measurements were made on an experimental test rig to determine the cooling effect of the WMEC and that of AW with water at ambient temperature and with chilled water. Taken at two seasons of the year with different ambient temperature and humidity levels, the experimental results were used to estimate the revenues that the systems can generate as a result of increased megawatts and reduced heat rate of a gas turbine model (GE PG6581B) used at Garri Power Station. The calculations indicate that the WMEC system can increase the gas turbine output by 12% and reduce its heat rate by 1.6%. Using un-chilled water, the AW system can increase the output by 16.7% and reduce the heat rate by 2.2%, while with chilled water it can increase the power by 23.3% and reduce the heat rate by 3.1%. Based on these estimates, the WMEC system requires a payback period of 8 months if it is run for 4 hours daily, which can be reduced to 4 months if it is used for 8 hours. Air washing with un-chilled water has a payback period of about 8 months, but the pay-back period for the chilled-water AW system is about 5 years. Keywords : Gas turbine; Power augmentation; Inlet-air cooling; Hot and dry climate.

Feasibility of Gas Turbine's Inlet-Air Cooling by Air Washing and Evaporative Cooling in the Dry and Hot Climate

The paper presents an Excel-based procedure for determining the coefficients in the polynomials that describe the thermodynamic properties of fuel blends. The procedure is meant for use in conjunction with air-fuel computer models of internal combustion engines. It enables such models to deal with fuel blends just as they deal with pure fuels without modifying the main computer program. To obtain the mixture properties, the procedure applies the ideal-gas mixture relationship, which is already inherent in the formulation of existing air-fuels models. Excel has been chosen as computational platform for developing the procedure because of its simplicity and wide availability. The procedure is applied to determine the coefficients for binary mixtures of gasoline-ethanol, gasoline-hydrogen, and methane-hydrogen.

M. M. El-Awad

Papers

Crude palm oil fuel for diesel-engines: experimental and ANN simulation approaches

Effect of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends on Fuel Properties Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engines

Performance and exhaust emission of a diesel engine using crude palm oil as a fuel extender

Feasibility of Gas Turbine's Inlet-Air Cooling by Air Washing and Evaporative Cooling in the Dry and Hot Climate

Determining the Thermodynamic Properties of Fuel Blends from those of their Components For Air-Fuel Models of IC Engines