Recovery for overloaded mobile edge computing

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) have become increasingly popular because they support effective coordination in connected vehicles. ITSs present an integrated approach for exchanging relevant information in order to improve the safety, efficiency, and reliability of road transportation systems. A variant of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) called vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are an integral component of ITSs. VANETs consist of interconnected vehicles with sensing abilities that exchange information related to traffic, positioning, weather, and emergency services. In general, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to communications between any entity and a vehicle, where the entity may be a vehicle, a cloud-based network, a pedestrian, or equipment installed along a road. One of the crucial challenges in V2X is the reliable and timely circulation of information among vehicular nodes to allow drivers to make decisions that increase road safety. In this context, efficient V2X routing protocols play a key role in supporting reliability and safety, and enhancing the overall quality of service (QoS) in VANETs. However, VANETs have distinct characteristics, such as high vehicular node mobility, unsteady connectivity, rapid changes in network topology, and unbounded network size, that can significantly affect routing in the network. Various routing protocols for V2X communication exist in the open technical literature. In this survey, we categorize the routing mechanisms as non-learning- and learning-based approaches, and discuss existing V2X routing protocols and their contributions to and impacts on VANET performance. Here, the learning-based approach implies the use of machine learning algorithms. This survey also summarizes open challenges in designing effective V2X routing protocols and future research directions to consider when developing smart routing mechanisms for next-generation intelligent VANET technologies. 

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A Survey of VANET/V2X Routing From the Perspective of Non-Learning- and Learning-Based Approaches

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) have made great strides in industrial control, intelligent transportation, remote medical and other fields. Coal mine transportation control system is a representative multi-subsystem of CPS. In this study, for the sake of optimising the scheduling mechanism for event response and precise control of tramcar behaviour in the system, we propose an event-orient scheduling algorithm (EOSA) to achieve a rapid response based on building a no-memory continuous time model. Therefore, the control system can match tasks in the queue according to the real-time load situation, and each physical entity can accurately execute the instruction under discrete event environment. Simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm has a higher execution speed compared with the hybrid genetic algorithm and fuzzy clustering scheduling algorithm. Our approach realises the load balancing of global task scheduling and is more suitable for mine transportation scenario.

Research on modelling and scheduling strategy for mine transportation control system based on CPS

It is difficult for delay tolerant Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks MANETs to render the end-to-end paths from source to the destination where there is no proper connectivity. Opportunistic routing overcomes the deficiencies of conventional MANET routing, and the proposed algorithm works based on quadrant-based look-ahead approach, which is highly efficient in managing the traffic uniformly, conserving energy, and increasing the lifetime of nodes as well as improving the route network stability. The proposed method aimed at reducing the amount of time that packet spends in the buffers. Simulation studies reveal that the proposed novel routing approach outperforms the existing methods.

An approach for routing in delay tolerant mobile ad-hoc networks using quadrant-based look-ahead method

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an upcoming technology for communication between vehicles during the trip, which provides Internet connectivity resulting in safer roads giving access important alerts and comfort during the slip. VANET technology integrates wireless cellular and ad hoc for seamless connectivity between vehicles. VANETs are organizations that allow vehicles to communicate with each other. Wireless-vice can send data to nearby vehicles, and messages can be transported from one vehicle to another, so that the information can be broadcast throughout the metropolis. In the network, link failure is very common due to the high mobility of clients. Frequent link failure occurs as packets do not arrive at the respective goals. The mechanism proposed here establishes a form of route discovery packet parallel to the real time application to be extradited to the destination, while minimizing losses. The primary aim is to establish parallel paths during link failure scenarios for real-time applications to provide information to their destination safely. During link failures, the recovery road is parallel to the fixed temporary parallel path between the nodes. The node before the link failure packet buffers, after setting the new parallel paths before the packets stored in the buffer via the destination newly created path.

Demand on Temporary Parallel Route Recovery for Frequent Link Failure in VANET

VANET is an upcoming technology to establish communication between the vehicles while travelling, which provides internet connectivity resulting in increased road safety, giving important alerts and accessing comforts while travelling. The VANET technology integrates WLAN, Cellular and Adhoc networks to achieve the continuous connectivity between the vehicles. Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are systems that allow vehicles to communicate with each other. Wireless device can send information to nearby vehicles, and messages can be routed from one vehicle to another, so that the information can be spread throughout the city. In network there is a very frequent link failure due to high mobility of nodes from available network region. So this frequent link failure causes packets to not reach respective destination. The mechanism proposed here establishes a kind of parallel route discovery for real time application for packets to be delivered at destination by minimizing losses. The main goal is to establish parallel routes during link failures for real time application scenarios to deliver the data safely to destination. The parallel route recovery establishes temporary parallel path between the nodes when there is link failure. The node before the failure link buffers the packets, after establishing new parallel path it then forwards the buffered packets to the destination through newly established path.

Temporary Parallel Route Recovery for Frequent Link Failure in VANET

In vehicular adhoc networks, messages are broadcast by active mobile nodes spontaneously to all the neighbourhood nodes within the connectivity range. These important messages may have severe delay and are time sensitive. The main aim of this work is to broadcast the safety message, to avoid the packet collision or to reduce the packet loss so that the efficiency of the network is improved and these can be analysed using different protocols in vehicular adhoc network. In typical carrier sense multiple accesses the users that content with channel access do not seem to be suitable for this application. Protocol sequence is the method we are following to broadcast the safety message. 0s and 1s are the protocol sequences used. When each user in the network reads the 0s and 1s they transmit the packet in the time slot. It does not require time synchronisation between the mobile nodes. We compare the delay performance with dedicated short range communication protocol, ALOHA type random access scheme, and zone routing protocol. By arranging the data packets a hard assurance of delay might be achieved. The delay in the network reduces in zone routing protocol.

Improving the performance by message broadcasting in VANETS

The main objective behind designing AITPMS is the safety of the vehicle which leads towards human life safety. System indicates current tyre pressure of individual tyre to the vehicle operator wirelessly. It maintains accuracy of tyre pressure during running condition of vehicle. AITPMS is designed to display real time tyre pressure and to give alert at low pressure, which helps to build a smart vehicle and leads to built fuel efficient vehicle. It reduces tyre related accidents by checking and transmitting information about tyre pressure continuously. The proposed work to overcome stated drawback of replacement of battery in RFID and other technologies which used for wireless communication. 'Ambient backscatter' technology uses the dedicated power supply is not needed to generate RF signal required to send message which helps with battery free technology to perform wireless communication.

M. Sakthi Ganesh

Papers

Temporary Parallel Route Recovery for Frequent Link Failure in VANET

Demand on Temporary Parallel Route Recovery for Frequent Link Failure in VANET

Improving the performance by message broadcasting in VANETS

Advance intelligence tyre monitoring system using ambient backscatter technology in VANETs