Summary Trace-element data for mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean island basalts (OIB) are used to formulate chemical systematics for oceanic basalts. The data suggest that the order of trace-element incompatibility in oceanic basalts is Cs ≈ Rb ≈ (≈ Tl) ≈ Ba(≈ W) > Th > U ≈ Nb = Ta ≈ K > La > Ce ≈ Pb > Pr (≈ Mo) ≈ Sr > P ≈ Nd (> F) > Zr = Hf ≈ Sm > Eu ≈ Sn (≈ Sb) ≈ Ti > Dy ≈ (Li) > Ho = Y > Yb. This rule works in general and suggests that the overall fractionation processes operating during magma generation and evolution are relatively simple, involving no significant change in the environment of formation for MORBs and OIBs. In detail, minor differences in element ratios correlate with the isotopic characteristics of different types of OIB components (HIMU, EM, MORB). These systematics are interpreted in terms of partial-melting conditions, variations in residual mineralogy, involvement of subducted sediment, recycling of oceanic lithosphere and processes within the low velocity zone. Niobium data indicate that the mantle sources of MORB and OIB are not exact complementary reservoirs to the continental crust. Subduction of oceanic crust or separation of refractory eclogite material from the former oceanic crust into the lower mantle appears to be required. The negative europium anomalies observed in some EM-type OIBs and the systematics of their key element ratios suggest the addition of a small amount (⩽1% or less) of subducted sediment to their mantle sources. However, a general lack of a crustal signature in OIBs indicates that sediment recycling has not been an important process in the convecting mantle, at least not in more recent times (⩽2 Ga). Upward migration of silica-undersaturated melts from the low velocity zone can generate an enriched reservoir in the continental and oceanic lithospheric mantle. We propose that the HIMU type (eg St Helena) OIB component can be generated in this way. This enriched mantle can be re-introduced into the convective mantle by thermal erosion of the continental lithosphere and by the recycling of the enriched oceanic lithosphere back into the mantle.

Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalt : implications for mantle composition and processes

Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts. Implications for Mantle Composition and Processes

The composition of the Earth

http://riceearthscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Hoffman1988.pdf

Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust

The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle

https://faculty.washington.edu/stn/ess_501/reading/Hofmann_Nb-U-Ce-Pb_EPSL_1986.pdf

Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution

Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) has experienced important and significant improvements in nearly all analytical features by the use of a multiple ion counting (MIC) system. Two procedures have recently been developed to further increase the analytical capabilities of MIC-SSMS in geochemistry. These are a mathematical correction of interferences, which is often necessary for the ultra trace element analysis of Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf and Y, and the development of an autospark system to hold the total ion beam constant.

Progress in multi-ion counting spark-source mass spectrometry (MIC-SSMS) for the analysis of geological samples

The concentrations of the heavy metals in the four new Antarctic meteorites Yamato (a), (b), (c) and (d) and in Orgueil, Murray, Allende, Abee, Allegan, Mocs and Johnstown

In den letzten Jahren wurde ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung aller schweren Spurenelemente von W bis U durch Festkorper-Massenspektrometrie mit Funkenionenquellen erarbeitet. Zur Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeitsfaktoren wurde der Allende-Standardmeteorit herangezogen. Die Konzentrationen der siderophilen schweren Elemente W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt und Au sind in gewohnlichen und kohligen Chondriten untereinander streng korreliert, wahrend Bi zu den siderophilen Elementen antikorreliert ist. Enstatitchondrite verhalten sich etwas anders.

Massenspektrometrische Bestimmung der Spurenelemente in Steinmeteoriten

Reviewed by: Daniel: Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary by Joe M. Sprinkle, and: Daniel: Evangelical Exegetical Commentary by J. Paul Tanner Michael Seufert joe m. sprinkle, Daniel: Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2020). Pp. xix + 470. $34.99. j. paul tanner, Daniel: Evangelical Exegetical Commentary (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2021). Pp. xxii + 803. $39.99. Lexham Press has added two traditional-conservative commentaries to Daniel scholarship, with both authors taking similar postures toward the biblical material, while maintaining slightly different aims. Joe M. Sprinkle's commentary is one of five entries in the Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary series, which, in addition to standard textual commentary, seeks "a thorough discussion of the most important themes of the biblical book in relation to the canon as a whole" (p. xv). His work includes a forty-four-page introduction dealing briefly with traditional topics of literary structure, genre, authorship and date, and the additions to Daniel. The bulk of this introduction is devoted to "Authorship and Historicity," arguing for the conservative position that "the book records actual history and true, predictive prophecy" (p. 7). In this section, S. spends the most time addressing the "alleged historical errors" (pp. 27–40) often cited as evidence against an early date of composition. After the introduction, there is the textual commentary proper, which treats standard matters of language, history, and themes. Following the textual commentary, S. provides nearly one hundred pages of material focused on "Biblical and Theological Themes" in the Book of Daniel, including broad topical headings such as "God," "God Relates to People," "Angels," "Messiah," and "Theology of History." J. Paul Tanner's commentary is an entry into the Evangelical Exegetical Commentary series, whose authors "affirm historic, orthodox Christianity and the inspiration and inerrancy of the Holy Scriptures" (p. xiii) and aim to reflect "the important interpretive principles of the Reformation, while utilizing historical-grammatical and contextual interpretive methods" (p. xiii). It is a standard commentary. T. provides a substantial introduction, treating the various textual traditions of Daniel, literary structure, date and authorship (with a consideration of pertinent linguistic and historical arguments), historical context, and religious context, along with a detailed outline of the book. Each chapter of the commentary divides into sections that include introductory remarks; a brief summary of the section under consideration; an evaluation of text-critical matters and a translation treating of lexical and grammar issues; the textual commentary proper proceeding verse-by-verse; a biblicaltheological discussion; application/devotional considerations; and a selected bibliography on the biblical passage considered. In this limited space I offer some selected items of note to illuminate the respective works. Daniel 3 and death by furnace The question of the furnace and the sentence of death has featured in questions of the book's provenance (see Amy C. Merril Willis, "A Reversal of Fortunes: Daniel among the Scholars," CurBR 16 [2018] 107–30, here 117–19). S. acknowledges that "execution by being cast into a furnace is unusual," but he cites several primary sources via the work of F. A. Beaulieu ("The Babylonian Background of the Motif of the Fiery Furnace in Daniel 3," JBL 128 [2009] 273–90) and T. L. Holm ("The Fiery Furnace in the Book of Daniel," JAOS 128 [2008] 85–104), demonstrating that it was not [End Page 308] entirely without analogue and thus poses no difficulty for a Mesopotamian origin for the material. T. also interacts with Holm, citing her evidence appreciatively; but, like S., he disagrees with her conclusion of an Egyptian origin for the tale. Daniel 4 and the Nabonidus connection S. acknowledges the possible link between Daniel 4 and Nabonidus, especially in view of the Qumran Prayer of Nabonidus text (4Q242) and concludes, "[R]ather than Daniel confusing Nebuchadnezzar's madness with Nabonidus', the Prayer of Nabonidus may be a garbled retelling of Daniel 4, which attributes to Nabonidus what actually happened to Nebuchadnezzar, or spins a story about Nabonidus that draws motifs from Daniel 4" (p. 120). Disappointingly, T. skips this whole conversation with a sentence and a footnote, writing, "Critical scholars have often scoffed at this account [of Nebuchadnezzar's madness] and point out that there is no historical evidence for it" (p. 307... 

M. Seufert

Papers

Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution

Progress in multi-ion counting spark-source mass spectrometry (MIC-SSMS) for the analysis of geological samples

The concentrations of the heavy metals in the four new Antarctic meteorites Yamato (a), (b), (c) and (d) and in Orgueil, Murray, Allende, Abee, Allegan, Mocs and Johnstown

Massenspektrometrische Bestimmung der Spurenelemente in Steinmeteoriten

Daniel: Evangelical Biblical Theology Commentary by Joe M. Sprinkle, and: Daniel: Evangelical Exegetical Commentary by J. Paul Tanner (review)